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| | 1-Propanol Basic information |
| | 1-Propanol Chemical Properties |
| Melting point | -127 °C(lit.) | | Boiling point | 97 °C(lit.) | | density | 0.804 g/mL at 25 °C(lit.) | | vapor density | 2.1 (vs air) | | vapor pressure | 10 mm Hg ( 147 °C) | | refractive index | n20/D 1.384(lit.) | | FEMA | 2928 | PROPYL ALCOHOL | | Fp | 59 °F | | storage temp. | Store at +5°C to +30°C. | | solubility | H2O: passes test | | form | Liquid | | pka | >14 (Schwarzenbach et al., 1993) | | color | <10(APHA) | | Relative polarity | 0.617 | | PH | 7 (200g/l, H2O, 20℃) | | Odor | Resembles that of ethyl alcohol. | | Odor Threshold | 0.094ppm | | Odor Type | alcoholic | | explosive limit | 2.1-19.2%(V) | | Water Solubility | soluble | | λmax | λ: 220 nm Amax: ≤0.40
λ: 240 nm Amax: ≤0.071
λ: 275 nm Amax: ≤0.0044 | | JECFA Number | 82 | | Merck | 14,7842 | | BRN | 1098242 | | Henry's Law Constant | 6.75 (static headspace-GC, Merk and Riederer, 1997) | | Exposure limits | TLV-TWA (200 ppm); (500 mg/m3); STEL
250 ppm (625 mg/m3); IDLH 4000 ppm. | | Stability: | Stable. May form peroxides in contact with air. Incompatible with alkali metals, alkaline earths, aluminium, oxidizing agents, nitro compounds. Highly flammable. Vapour/air mixtures explosive. | | LogP | 0.33 | | CAS DataBase Reference | 71-23-8(CAS DataBase Reference) | | NIST Chemistry Reference | 1-Propanol(71-23-8) | | EPA Substance Registry System | 1-Propanol (71-23-8) |
| Hazard Codes | F,Xi | | Risk Statements | 11-41-67 | | Safety Statements | 7-16-24-26-39 | | RIDADR | UN 1274 3/PG 2 | | WGK Germany | 1 | | RTECS | UH8225000 | | F | 10-23 | | Autoignition Temperature | 700 °F | | TSCA | Yes | | HazardClass | 3 | | PackingGroup | II | | HS Code | 29051200 | | Hazardous Substances Data | 71-23-8(Hazardous Substances Data) | | Toxicity | LD50 orally in rats: 1.87 g/kg (Smyth) | | IDLA | 800 ppm |
| | 1-Propanol Usage And Synthesis |
| Description | 1-propanol is the compound with the hydrogen atom in the propane molecules being replaced by hydroxyl group. Because the hydroxyl group can substitute the hydrogen atoms contained in the carbons in the two terminals of carbon chain or middle carbon, thus generating two isomers, n-propyl alcohol and isopropyl alcohol.
The chemical property of the 1-propanol is similar to that of ethanol. It is the byproduct during the process of the methanol synthesis from carbon monoxide and hydrogen. At room temperature and normal pressure, it appears as colorless transparent liquid with fragrance odor. In industry, it is prepared through the reaction between ethylene, carbon monoxide and hydrogen under high pressure and cobalt catalysis; alternatively through the hydration of propylene under the action of sulfate or through the catalytic hydrogenation of acetone. It is commonly used as a solvent with irritating effect on the eyes and mucosa. Inhalation of propyl alcohol steam can lead to dizziness, headache and vomiting, etc. | | Chemical Properties | 1-Propanol is a clear, colorless liquid with an alcoholic odor and a characteristic ripe, fruity flavor. It is soluble in water and miscible with organic solvents (Propanols). It has better dissolution properties than ethanol for fats and oils, and dissolves polar resins in the same way as ethanol. Cellulose nitrate and poly(vinyl acetate) are, however, almost insoluble. For economic reasons propanol is of only limited use as a solvent, and is a starting material for esters. | | Physical properties | Colorless liquid with a mild, alcohol-like odor. Experimentally determined detection and
recognition odor threshold concentrations were <75 μg/m3 (<31 ppbv) and 200 μg/m3 (81 ppbv),
respectively (Hellman and Small, 1974). An odor threshold concentration of 100 ppbv was
reported by Nagata and Takeuchi (1990). | | Occurrence | Reported found in the natural aromas of apple, cognac and rum; also formed during alcoholic fermentation.
Also reported found in apple, apricot, banana, sweet cherry, papaya, pineapple, orange juice, lingonberry, cranberry, grapes, peas,
pineapple, raspberry, strawberry, onion, leek, tomato, ginger, vinegar, many cheeses, butter, fatty fish, fish oil, cooked beef, mutton
and pork, beer, several types of bread, pear brandy, Scotch blended whiskey, malt whiskey, cognac, armagnac, weinbrand rum, bourbon
whiskey, Irish whiskey, rum, grape wines, cider, sherry, cocoa, tea, roasted filberts and peanuts, honey, soybean, oats, passion
fruit, plum, beans, mushroom, apple and plum brandy, gin, rice, rice bran, quince, prickly pear, jackfruit, sake, buckwheat, loquat,
wild rice, anise brandy, endive, truffle, arrack, clam, cape gooseberry and Chinese quince. | | Uses | 1-Propanol is used in making n-propyl acetate; and as a solvent for waxes, resins, vegetable oils, and flexographic printing ink. It is produced from the fermentation and spoilage of vegetable matter. | | Uses | A colorless liquid made by oxidation of aliphatic hydrocarbons that is used as a solvent and chemical intermediate. | | Application | The propanols are used mainly as solvents for coatings; in antifreeze compositions and household and personal products; and as chemical intermediates for the production of esters, amines, and other organic derivatives. As a solvent, 1-propanol is used principally in printing inks, paint, cosmetics, pesticides, cellulose esters and insecticides.
1-Propanol is used commercially to produce glycol ethers. These are characterized by dual functionality, which imparts high solvency, chemical stability, and water compatibility. | | Definition | ChEBI: 1-Propanol is the parent member of the class of propan-1-ols that is propane in which a hydrogen of one of the methyl groups is replaced by a hydroxy group. It has a role as a protic solvent and a metabolite. It is a short-chain primary fatty alcohol and a member of propan-1-ols. | | Preparation | 1-Propanol is produced commercially by the oxo process by reacting ethylene with carbon monoxide and hydrogen in the presence of a catalyst to give propionaldehyde, which is then hydrogenated. 1-Propanol [71-23-8] is the major product of catalytic reduction of propanal (→Propanols). Reduction is carried out most economically by a continuous vapor-phase process over a heterogeneous catalyst of supported reduced nickel, copper, and/or zinc and manganese metals. | | Aroma threshold values | Detection: 5.7 to 40 ppm; recognition: 600 to 6300 ppm | | General Description | N-propanol appears as a clear colorless liquid with a sharp musty odor like rubbing alcohol. Flash point 53-77 °F. Autoignites at 700 °F. Vapors are heavier than air and mildly irritate the eyes, nose, and throat. Density approximately 6.5 lb / gal. Used in making cosmetics, skin and hair preparations, pharmaceuticals, perfumes, lacquer formulations, dye solutions, antifreezes, rubbing alcohols, soaps, window cleaners, acetone and other chemicals and products. | | Air & Water Reactions | Highly flammable. Water soluble. | | Reactivity Profile | 1-Propanol reacts with alkali metal, nitrides and strong reducing agents to give flammable and/or toxic gases. Reacts with oxoacids and carboxylic acids to form esters plus water. Converted by oxidizing agents to propanal or propionic acid. May initiate the polymerization of isocyanates and epoxides. Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents . | | Hazard | Flammable, dangerous fire risk. Explosive
limits in air 2–13%. Toxic by skin absorption. Eye
and upper respiratory tract irritant. Questionable
carcinogen.
| | Health Hazard | Target organs: skin, eyes, gastrointestinal tracts, and respiratory system. Toxic routes: ingestion, inhalation, and skin contact.
LD50 value, oral (rats): 5400 mg/kg (NIOSH1986)
LD50 value, skin (rabbits): 6700 mg/kg(NIOSH 1986)
Ingestion causes headache, drowsiness,abdominal cramps, gastrointestinal pain,ataxia, nausea, and diarrhea. Eye contactproduces irritation. It may cause dermatitison repeated skin contact. Although thetoxicity of 1-propanol is low, at a highconcentration it may produce a narcoticeffect, as well as irritation of the eyes, nose,and throat.. | | Fire Hazard | HIGHLY FLAMMABLE: Will be easily ignited by heat, sparks or flames. Vapors may form explosive mixtures with air. Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back. Most vapors are heavier than air. They will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks). Vapor explosion hazard indoors, outdoors or in sewers. Runoff to sewer may create fire or explosion hazard. Containers may explode when heated. Many liquids are lighter than water. | | Biochem/physiol Actions | Taste at 25-250 ppm | | Safety Profile | Poison by
subcutaneous route. Moderately toxic by
inhalation, ingestion, intraperitoneal, and
intravenous routes. A skin and severe eye
irritant. Questionable carcinogen with
experimental carcinogenic data. Mutation
data reported. A flammable liquid and
dangerous fire hazard when exposed to heat,
flame, or oxidizers. Explosive in the form of
vapor when exposed to heat or flame.
Ignites on contact with potassium-tert-
butoxide. Dangerous upon exposure to heat
or flame; can react vigorously with oxidizing materials. To fight fire, use alcohol foam,
CO2, dry chemical. When heated to
decomposition it emits acrid smoke and
irritating fumes. | | Potential Exposure | n-Propyl alcohol is used as as solvent
in lacquers, dopes; to make cosmetics; dental lotions; clea-
ners, polishes, and pharmaceuticals; as a surgical antiseptic.
It is a solvent for vegetable oils, natural gums and resins;
rosin, shellac, certain synthetic resins; ethylcellulose, and
butyral; as a degreasing agent; as a chemical intermediate. | | Carcinogenicity | Eighteen Wistar rats were dosed
by oral gavage with 0.3 mL/kg twice weekly. The average
survival time was 570 days. In addition to severe liver injury
and hyperplasia of the hematopoietic parenchyma, 5 malignant
tumors (2 myeloid leukemias, 2 liver sarcomas, and 1 liver cell carcinoma) and 10 benign tumors were observed.
Three benign but no malignant tumors were found in the
controls given saline. | | Environmental fate | Biological. In activated sludge inoculum, following a 20-d adaptation period, 98.8% COD
removal was achieved. The average rate of biodegradation was 71.0 mg COD/g?h (Pitter, 1976).
Using the BOD technique to measure biodegradation, the mean 5-d BOD value (mM BOD/mM 1-
propanol) and ThOD were 2.70 and 60.0%, respectively (Vaishnav et al., 1987).
Photolytic. Reported rate constants for the reaction of 1-propanol and OH radicals in the atmosphere: 2.3 x 10-12 cm3/molecule?sec at 300 K (Hendry and Kenley, 1979); 2.3 x 10-9
L/molecule?sec (second-order) at 292 K (Campbell et al., 1976), 5.33 x 10-12 cm3/molecule?sec at
296 K (Overend and Paraskevopoulos, 1978). Based on an atmospheric OH concentration of 1.0 x
106 molecule/cm3, the reported half-life of 1-propanol is 1.5 d (Grosjean, 1997).
Chemical/Physical. At an influent concentration of 1,000 mg/L, treatment with GAC resulted in
an effluent concentration of 811 mg/L. The adsorbability of the carbon used was 38 mg/g carbon
(Guisti et al., 1974). | | Shipping | UN1274, n-Propanol, Hazard Class: 3; Labels:
3-Flammable liquid. | | Purification Methods | The main impurities in n-propyl alcohol are usually water and 2-propen-1-ol, reflecting the commercial production by hydration of propene. Water can be removed by azeotropic distillation either directly (azeotrope contains 28% water) or by using a ternary system, e.g. by also adding *benzene. Alternatively, for removal of gross amounts of water, reflux over CaO for several hours is desirable, followed by distillation and a further drying. To obtain more nearly anhydrous alcohol, suitable drying agents are firstly NaOH, CaSO4 or K2CO3, then CaH2, aluminium amalgam, magnesium activated with iodine, or a small amount of sodium. Alternatively, the alcohol can be refluxed with n-propylsuccinate or phthalate in a method similar to the one described under EtOH. Allyl alcohol is removed by adding bromine (15mL/L) and then fractionally distilling from a small amount of K2CO3. Propionaldehyde, also formed in the bromination, is removed as the 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazone. n-Propyl alcohol can be dried down to 20ppm of water by passage through a column of pre-dried molecular sieves (type 3 or 4A, heated for 3hours at 300o) in a current of nitrogen. Distillation from sulfanilic or tartaric acids removes impurities. Albrecht [J Am Chem Soc 82 3813 1960] obtained spectroscopically pure material by heating with charcoal to 50-60o, filtering and adding 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine and a few drops of conc H2SO4. After standing for several hours, the mixture is cooled to 0o, filtered and distilled in a vacuum. Gold and Satchell [J Chem Soc 1938 1963] heated n-propyl alcohol with 3-nitrophthalic anhydride at 76-110o for 15hours, then recrystallised the resulting ester from H2O, *benzene/pet ether (b 100-120o)(3:1), and *benzene. The ester was hydrolysed under reflux with aqueous 7.5M NaOH for 45minutes under nitrogen, followed by distillation (also under nitrogen). The fraction with b 87-92o is dried with K2CO3 and stirred under reduced pressure in the dark over 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine, then freshly distilled. Also purify it by adding 2g NaBH4 to 1.5L of alcohol, gently flushing with argon and refluxing for 1day at 50o. Then 2g of freshly cut sodium (washed with propanol) is added and refluxed for one day, and finally distilled, taking the middle fraction [Jou & Freeman J Phys Chem 81 909 1977]. [Beilstein 1 IV 1413.] | | Incompatibilities | Vapors may form explosive mixture with
air. Incompatible with oxidizers (chlorates, nitrates, perox-
ides, permanganates, perchlorates, chlorine, bromine, fluo-
rine, etc.); contact may cause fires or explosions. Keep
away from alkaline materials, strong bases, strong acids,
oxoacids, epoxides. n-Propanol reacts with alkali metal,
nitrides and strong reducing agents to give flammable and/
or toxic gases. Reacts with oxoacids and carboxylic acids
to form esters plus water. Converted by oxidizing agents to
propanal or propionic acid. May initiate the polymerization
of isocyanates and epoxides | | Waste Disposal | Dissolve or mix the material
with a combustible solvent and burn in a chemical incinera-
tor equipped with an afterburner and scrubber. All federal,
state, and local environmental regulations must be
observed. |
| | 1-Propanol Preparation Products And Raw materials |
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