|
| | 1,1,2-Trichloroethane Basic information |
| | 1,1,2-Trichloroethane Chemical Properties |
| Melting point | -37 °C | | Boiling point | 110-115 °C (lit.) | | density | 1.435 g/mL at 25 °C (lit.) | | vapor pressure | 30.3 at 25 °C (quoted, Mackay et al., 1982) | | refractive index | n20/D 1.471(lit.) | | Fp | 11 °C | | storage temp. | 2-8°C | | solubility | Soluble in ethanol and chloroform (U.S. EPA, 1985) | | form | Liquid | | color | Clear colorless | | Water Solubility | 4 g/L (20 ºC) | | Merck | 14,9637 | | BRN | 1731726 | | Henry's Law Constant | 8.70 at 30 °C (headspace-GC, Sanz et al., 1997) | | Exposure limits | Potential occupational carcinogen. NIOSH REL: TWA 10 ppm (45 mg/m3),
IDLH 100 ppm; OSHA PEL: TWA 10 ppm (adopted). | | Stability: | Stable. | | LogP | 2.05-2.49 at 20℃ and pH7 | | CAS DataBase Reference | 79-00-5(CAS DataBase Reference) | | IARC | 3 (Vol. 52, 71) 1999 | | NIST Chemistry Reference | Ethane, 1,1,2-trichloro-(79-00-5) | | EPA Substance Registry System | 1,1,2-Trichloroethane (79-00-5) |
| | 1,1,2-Trichloroethane Usage And Synthesis |
| Chemical Properties | Clear, colorless liquid; characteristic
sweet odor. Miscible
with alcohols, ethers, esters, and ketones; insoluble
in water. Nonflammable. | | Chemical Properties | 1,1,2-Trichloroethane is a colorless, nonflammable
(must be pre-heated before ignition can occur) liquid
Sweet, chloroform-like odor. | | Physical properties | Colorless liquid with a pleasant, sweet, chloroform-like odor | | Uses | Intermediate in the production of
vinylidene chloride; solvent. | | Uses | Solvent for fats, oils, waxes, resins, other products;
organic synthesis. | | Uses | The use of 1,1,2-trichloroethane is quite restrictive. It is used
to a slight extent as a specialty solvent and mostly as a
chemical intermediate; a solvent for fats, waxes, natural
resins, alkaloids, and various other organic materials; as
an intermediate in production of vinylidene chloride and
teflon tubing; and as a component of adhesives. The availability of other less toxic solvents discourages its use. More
than 95% of this compound manufactured in the United
States is consumed in producing vinylidene chloride.
Domestic production is about 410 million pounds. It must
not be confused with its much less toxic isomer, 1,1,1-
trichloroethane. | | Definition | ChEBI: A member of the class of chloroethanes that is ethane substituted by chloro groups at positions 1, 1 and 2. | | General Description | A clear light colored liquid. Flash point between 0 and 74°F. Insoluble in water and slightly denser than water. Hence sinks in water. May be toxic by inhalation. | | Reactivity Profile | 1,1,2-Trichloroethane is sensitive to light and heat. Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents and strong bases. Reacts violently with sodium, potassium, magnesium, and aluminum. Attacks some plastics, rubber and coatings. | | Health Hazard | Inhalation causes irritation of the nose, throat, and lungs. High concentrations may cause death by respiratory failure. Highly toxic by ingestion; may cause liver or kidney damage or myocardial irritability. Causes severe irritation of the gastrointestinal tract. Vapor may produce superficial skin burns or defatting type dermatitis and may irritate the eyes. | | Safety Profile | Suspected carcinogen
with experimental carcinogenic data. Poison
by ingestion, intravenous, and subcutaneous
routes. Moderately toxic by inhalation, skin
contact, and intraperitoneal routes.
Experimental reproductive effects. Mutation
data reported. An eye and severe skin
irritant. Has narcotic properties and acts as a
local irritant to the eyes, nose, and lungs. It
may also be injurious to the liver and
kidneys. Incompatible with potassium.
When heated to decomposition it emits
toxic fumes of Cl-. See also CHLORINATED
HYDROCARBONS,
ALIPHATIC; and other trichloroethane
entries, | | Potential Exposure | 1,1,2-Trichloroethane is used as an
intermediate in the production of vinylidine chloride, and a
component of adhesives; as a solvent; but is not as widely
used as is its isomer 1,1,1-Trichloroethane; it is an isomer
of 1,1,1-Trichloroethane but should not be confused with it
toxicologically. 1,1,2-Trichloroethane is comparable to carbon
tetrachloride and tetrachloroethane in toxicity. Forms a
flammable vaporair mixture at 43℃ and higher. | | Carcinogenicity | According to the NCI,
1,1,2-trichloroethane has been included in the NCI bioassay
program, in which it was fed by gavage to rats and mice. As in
many of these studies with hepatotoxic compounds, hepatocellular
carcinomas occurred in mice but not in rats fed for
78 weeks. Rats were kept an additional 35 weeks and mice
13 weeks following treatment. Pheochromocytomas were
also observed in mice. The doses fed were 92 and 46 mg/kg/
day for rats and 390 and 195 mg/kg/day for mice. Mortality
was accelerated in female mice but not in the rats or male
mice. The NCI report does not indicate the degree of noncarcinogenic
histopathology produced by these doses.
In a bioassay conducted by NCI, technical-grade
(92.7% pure) 1,1,2-trichloroethane was administered by
gavage in corn oil to Osborne–Mendel rats and B6C3F1
mice: (50/species/sex/dose) for each of two doses and 20 animals/
species/sex for each of two control groups. Administration
was five times/week for 78 weeks, during which time
doses for rats were increased from 70 and 30 mg/kg/day to
100 and 50 mg/kg/day and doses for mice were increased
from 300 and 150 mg/kg/day to 400 and 200 mg/kg/day.
By two statistical tests, treatment of mice was found to be
associated with increased incidence of hepatocellular carcinomas.
A dose-related increase in pheochromocytomas was
also confirmed in female mice. Tumors found in treated but
not control rats included adrenal cortical carcinomas; transitional
cell carcinomas of kidney; renal tubular adenomas; and
hemangiosarcomas of spleen, pancreas, abdomen, and subcutaneous
tissue. There was, however, no statistically significant
increase in tumor incidence in rats as a function of
treatment.
IRIS classifies this compound as C, possible human
carcinogen on the basis of hepatocellular carcinomas and
pheochromocytomas in one strain of mice. Carcinogenicity
was not shown in rats. 1,1,2-Trichloroethane is structurally
related to 1,2-dichloroethane, a probable human carcinogen.
There are no human carcinogenicity data. | | Environmental fate | Biological. Vinyl chloride was reported to be a biodegradation product from an anaerobic
digester at a wastewater treatment facility (Howard, 1990). Under aerobic conditions,
Pseudomonas putida oxidized 1,1,2-trichloroethane to chloroacetic and glyoxylic acids.
Simultaneously, 1,1,2-trichloroethane is reduced to vinyl chloride exclusively (Castro and Belser,1990). In a static-culture-flask screening test, 1,1,2-trichloroethane was statically incubated in the
dark at 25 °C with yeast extract and settled domestic wastewater inoculum. Biodegradative
activity was slow to moderate, concomitant with a significant rate of volatilization (Tabak et al.,
1981).
Chemical/Physical. Products of hydrolysis include chloroacetaldehyde, 1,1-dichloroethylene,
and HCl. The aldehyde is subject to hydrolysis forming hydroxyacetaldehyde and HCl (Kollig,
1993). The reported half-life for this reaction at 20 °C is 170 yr (Vogel et al., 1987). Under
alkaline conditions, 1,1,2-trichloroethane hydrolyzed to 1,2-dichloroethylene. The reported
hydrolysis half-life in water at 25 °C and pH 7 is 139.2 yr (Sata and Nakajima, 1979). | | Shipping | UN3082 Environmentally hazardous substances,
liquid, n.o.s., Hazard class: 9; Labels: 9-Miscellaneous
hazardous material, Technical Name Required. | | Purification Methods | Purify the chloroethane as for 1,1,1-trichloroethane above. [Beilstein 1 IV 139.] | | Incompatibilities | Incompatible with oxidizers (chlorates,
nitrates, peroxides, permanganates, perchlorates, chlorine,
bromine, fluorine, etc.); contact may cause fires or explosions.
Keep away from alkaline materials, strong acids,
strong caustics; chemically active metals;, such as aluminum,
magnesium powders, sodium, potassium. Attacks
some plastics, rubber, coatings, steel, and zinc. | | Waste Disposal | Consult with environmental
regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal
practices. Generators of waste containing this contaminant
(≥100 kg/mo) must conform with EPA regulations governing
storage, transportation, treatment, and waste disposal.
Incineration, preferably after mixing with another combustible
fuel. Care must be exercised to assure complete combustion
to prevent the formation of phosgene. An acid
scrubber is necessary to remove the halo acids produced. |
| | 1,1,2-Trichloroethane Preparation Products And Raw materials |
| Raw materials | 1,2-Dichloroethane-->Trichloroethane-->PENTACHLOROETHANE-->1,1-Dichloroethane-->Hexachloroethane-->1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane | | Preparation Products | 1,2-DICHLOROETHYLENE-->VINYLIDENE CHLORIDE-->Triethylamine hydrochloride-->1,1,1-Trichloroethane-->VINYL CHLORIDE-->2,3-DICHLOROPROPIONYL CHLORIDE-->2-chloro-2-methylpropiononitrile-->N-(Methyl)-N-(p-toluenesulfonyl)ethynylamine, 97%-->1,1,1,2-TETRACHLOROETHANE |
|
