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| | 1,8-Dihydroxyanthraquinone Basic information |
| | 1,8-Dihydroxyanthraquinone Chemical Properties |
| Melting point | 191-193 °C (lit.) | | Boiling point | 342.92°C (rough estimate) | | density | 1.3032 (rough estimate) | | refractive index | 1.5430 (estimate) | | Fp | >200°C | | storage temp. | Sealed in dry,2-8°C | | solubility | very faint turbidity in hot Acetic acid | | pka | 6.27±0.20(Predicted) | | form | Powder | | color | Orange-brown or brown | | Water Solubility | insoluble | | Merck | 14,2815 | | BRN | 2054727 | | LogP | 4.570 (est) | | CAS DataBase Reference | 117-10-2(CAS DataBase Reference) | | IARC | 2B (Vol. 50) 1990 | | NIST Chemistry Reference | 1,8-Dihydroxyanthraquinone(117-10-2) | | EPA Substance Registry System | Danthron (117-10-2) |
| | 1,8-Dihydroxyanthraquinone Usage And Synthesis |
| Description | Danthron, a natural product, was originally extracted from
the roots and rhizome of Polygonaceae plant, also
called Da Huang in traditional Chinese herbal medicine.
Now it is synthesized in many countries, such as Germany,
India, Japan, Poland, the United Kingdom, and the United
States. Danthron is reasonably anticipated to be a human
carcinogen.
Danthron is an anthraquinone that exists at room temperature
as a red or orange crystalline powder.It is practically
insoluble in water, but soluble in a variety of solvents
(acetone, chloroform, diethyl ether, ethanol) and alkaline
hydroxide solutions. The stability of danthron is generally
good. It is stable under room temperatures and normal pressures. | | Chemical Properties | orange-brown or brown powder | | Chemical Properties | Red-orange to orange crystalline powder or
reddish-brown crystalline solid. | | Uses | Important intermediate in the manufacture of alizarin and indanthrene dyestuffs; forms insoluble Ca, Ba, Pb lakes. Antioxidant in synthetic lubricants; fungicide. | | Uses | Used as a stimulant laxative, though due to its carcinogenic properties, is not widely prescribed. | | Uses | cathartic | | Uses | 1,8-Dihydroxyanthraquinone can be used:
- To prepare an inclusion complex with β-cyclodextrin, applicable as a sensor in the estimation of Cu2+?ions in an aqueous solution.
- As a starting material in the synthesis of 1,4,5,8-tetramethoxyanthracene.
- As an aromatic scavenger in the modification of lignin, which acts as a corrosion inhibitor for steel.
| | Definition | ChEBI: A dihydroxyanthraquinone that is anthracene-9,10-dione substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 1 and 8. | | Brand name | Dorbane
(3M Pharmaceuticals); Istizin (Sterling Winthrop);Doss;Normax;Regulex-d. | | World Health Organization (WHO) | Dantron, an anthroquinone derivative, has been available for over
twenty years and is widely used as a laxative. The results of two chronic toxicity
studies in rodents, published in 1985 and 1986, have shown that administration of
high doses is associated with the development of intestinal and liver tumours. | | General Description | Orange crystalline powder. Almost odorless and tasteless. | | Air & Water Reactions | Insoluble in water. | | Reactivity Profile | 1,8-Dihydroxyanthraquinone is incompatible with strong reducing substances such as hydrides, nitrides, alkali metals, and sulfides. | | Fire Hazard | Flash point data for 1,8-Dihydroxyanthraquinone are not available; however, 1,8-Dihydroxyanthraquinone is probably combustible. | | Safety Profile | Confirmed carcinogen
with experimental carcinogenic data.
Moderately toxic by intraperitoneal route.
An eye irritant. Questionable carcinogen
with experimental carcinogenic and
neoplastigenic data. Human mutation data
reported. A laxative. When heated to
decomposition it emits acrid smoke and
irritating fumes. | | Potential Exposure | A potential liver carcinogen and
possible narcotic, this compound is no longer sold or
marketed in the United States Nervous system toxin-acute
effects; Respiratory toxin-acute effects other than severe or
moderate irritation; Liver-acute effects; Eye irritant-mild. | | target | AMPK | Antifection | | Carcinogenicity | Danthron is reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity from studies in experimental animals. | | Environmental Fate | Danthron can cause DNA damage particularly at guanines in the
5'-GG-3', 5'-GGGG-3', 5'-GGGGG-3' sequences in the presence
of Cu(II), cytochrome P450 reductase and the nicotinamide
adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH)-generating system.
H2O2 and Cu(I) may also be involved because this DNA
damage can be inhibited by catalase and bathocuproine. The
further mechanism is danthron is reduced by P450 reductase
and generate reactive oxygen species through the redox cycle,
leading to extensive Cu(II)-mediated DNA damage. The DNA
damage also comes from similar topoisomerase II inhibitor
behavior of danthron. | | Shipping | UN2811 Toxic solids, organic, n.o.s., Hazard
Class: 6.1; Labels: 6.1-Poisonous materials, Technical
Name Required. | | Purification Methods | Crystallise Danthrone from EtOH and sublime it in a vacuum. [Beilstein 8 IV 3217.] | | Toxicity evaluation | Danthron is discovered in several species of plants and insects.
It has been isolated from dried leaves and stems of Xyris semifuscata
harvested in Madagascar, and roots of Da Huang,
a Chinese traditional herbal medicine. Danthron also appears
to be biosynthesized by some insects. The presence of danthron
in insects may be a way of protection from predators. Danthron
can be manually synthesized by many countries. In the United
States, danthron was available from 12 suppliers.
If released to the atmosphere, danthron will exist in both
the vapor phase and the particulate phase. Vapor phase danthron
has an estimated half-life of 11 days. Particulate phase
danthron can be physically removed from air by wet and dry deposition. It is expected to biodegrade with 68% degradation
within 3 months.
If released to water, danthron is expected to adsorb to the
surface of solid particle and sediment. Biodegradation is also
a major pathway processed in water. It was reported that 82%
of the added danthron was degraded by fresh water within
3 days. If added to seawater, 91% of danthron was reported as
degraded. Danthron may bioconcentrate in aquatic organisms,
such as fish and shrimps. | | Incompatibilities | Keep away from strong reducing agents,
such as hydrides, nitrides, alkali metals, and sulfides. | | Waste Disposal | It is inappropriate and
possibly dangerous to the environment to dispose of
expired or waste drugs and pharmaceuticals by flushing
them down the toilet or discarding them to the trash.
Household quantities of expired or waste pharmaceuticals
may be mixed with wet cat litter or coffee grounds, double-
bagged in plastic, discard in trash. Larger quantities shall
carefully take into consideration applicable DEA, EPA, and
FDA regulations. If possible return the pharmaceutical to
the manufacturer for proper disposal being careful to prop-
erly label and securely package the material. Alternatively,
the waste pharmaceutical shall be labeled, securely
packaged and transported by a state licensed medical waste
contractor to dispose by burial in a licensed hazardous or
toxic waste landfill or incinerator. |
| | 1,8-Dihydroxyanthraquinone Preparation Products And Raw materials |
| Raw materials | 9,10-Anthracenedione, 1,8-bis(2-propyn-1-yloxy)--->1,8-DIACETOXYANTHRAQUINONE-->3-Nitrophthalic anhydride | | Preparation Products | 1,4,5,8-TETRAHYDROXYANTHRAQUINONE-->disodium 4,5-diamino-9,10-dihydro-1,8-dihydroxy-9,10-dioxoanthracene-2,7-disulphonate |
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