| | N,N-Dimethylformamide Basic information |
| Product Name: | N,N-Dimethylformamide | | Synonyms: | amide,n,n-dimethyl-formicaci;Dimethylamid kyseliny mravenci;dimethylamidkyselinymravenci;N,N-DIMETHYLFORMAMIDE, 99.9+%, HPLC GRAD E;N N-DIMETHYLFORMAMIDE 99.8% A.C.S. &;N,N-DIMETHYLFORMAMIDE, 4X25 ML;N,N-DIMETHYLFORMAMIDE, MOLECULARBIOLOGY REAGENT;N,N-DIMETHYLFORMAMIDE NEUTRAL MARKER*FOR CAPILLARY | | CAS: | 68-12-2 | | MF: | C3H7NO | | MW: | 73.09 | | EINECS: | 200-679-5 | | Product Categories: | Dimethylformamide (DMF);PVC Coated Bottles;Life Science Reagents for Protein Expression and Purification;Life Science Reagents for Transfection;Molecular Biology;Molecular Biology Reagents;Research Essentials;ACS Grade;Analytical Reagents for General Use;C-D;Multi-Compendial;Puriss p.a.;Puriss p.a. ACS;ACS Grade Solvents;Organics;NMR;Spectrophotometric Grade;Spectrophotometric Solvents;Spectroscopy Solvents (IR;UV/Vis);C2 to C7;Amides;Building Blocks;Carbonyl Compounds;Chemical Synthesis;Organic Building Blocks;Plastic Bottles;GC Headspace Solvents;VerSA-Flow Products;Organic solvents;LEDA HPLC;Analytical Reagents;Analytical/Chromatography;CHROMASOLV Plus;Chromatography Reagents &;HPLC &;HPLC Plus Grade Solvents (CHROMASOLV);HPLC/UHPLC Solvents (CHROMASOLV);Solvent Bottles;Solvent by Application;Solvent by Type;Solvent Packaging Options;Solvents;UHPLC Solvents (CHROMASOLV);Biotech;Biotech Solvents;Amber Glass Bottles;Products;Returnable Containers;Sure/Seal Bottles;GC Solvents;Solvents for GC applications;ACS and Reagent Grade Solvents;Carbon Steel Flex-Spout Cans;ReagentPlus;ReagentPlus Solvent Grade Products;Semi-Bulk Solvents;Biochemicals;Core Bioreagents;DMF;68-12-2 | | Mol File: | 68-12-2.mol |  |
| | N,N-Dimethylformamide Chemical Properties |
| Melting point | -61 °C (lit.) | | alpha | 0.94 º | | Boiling point | 153 °C (lit.) | | density | 0.944 g/mL (lit.) | | vapor density | 2.5 (vs air) | | vapor pressure | 2.7 mm Hg ( 20 °C) | | refractive index | n20/D 1.430(lit.) | | Fp | 136 °F | | storage temp. | Store at +5°C to +30°C. | | solubility | water: miscible | | pka | -0.44±0.70(Predicted) | | form | liquid | | color | APHA: ≤15 | | PH | 7 (200g/l, H2O, 20℃) | | Odor | Faint, ammonia-like odor detectable at 100 ppm | | Relative polarity | 0.386 | | Odor Threshold | 1.8ppm | | explosive limit | 2.2-16%(V) | | Water Solubility | soluble | | λmax | λ: 270 nm Amax: 1.00
λ: 275 nm Amax: 0.30
λ: 295 nm Amax: 0.10
λ: 310 nm Amax: 0.05
λ: 340-400 nm Amax: 0.01 | | Sensitive | Hygroscopic | | Merck | 14,3243 | | BRN | 605365 | | Exposure limits | NIOSH REL: TWA 10 ppm (30 mg/m3), IDLH 500 ppm; OSHA PEL: TWA 10
ppm; ACGIH TLV: TWA 10 ppm (adopted). | | InChIKey | ZMXDDKWLCZADIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N | | LogP | -1.010 | | CAS DataBase Reference | 68-12-2(CAS DataBase Reference) | | NIST Chemistry Reference | Formamide, N,N-dimethyl-(68-12-2) | | IARC | 2A (Vol. 47, 71, 115) 2018 | | EPA Substance Registry System | N,N-Dimethylformamide (68-12-2) |
| Hazard Codes | T | | Risk Statements | 61-20/21-36 | | Safety Statements | 53-45 | | RIDADR | UN 2265 3/PG 3 | | WGK Germany | 1 | | RTECS | LQ2100000 | | F | 3-10 | | Autoignition Temperature | 445 °C | | Hazard Note | Toxic | | TSCA | Yes | | HazardClass | 3 | | PackingGroup | III | | HS Code | 29241990 | | Hazardous Substances Data | 68-12-2(Hazardous Substances Data) | | Toxicity | LD50 in mice, rats (ml/kg): 6.8, 7.6 orally; 6.2, 4.7 i.p. (Bartsch) | | IDLA | 500 ppm |
| | N,N-Dimethylformamide Usage And Synthesis |
| Chemical Properties | N,N-Dimethylformamide is a colorless or slightly yellow liquid with a boiling point of 153°C and a vapor pressure of 380 Pa at 20°C. It is freely soluble in water and soluble in alcohols, acetone and benzene. N,N-Dimethylformamide is used as solvent, catalyst and gas absorbent. React violently with concentrated sulfuric acid, fuming nitric acid and can even explode. Pure Dimethylformamide is odorless, but industrial grade or modified Dimethylformamide has a fishy smell because it contains impurities of Dimethylamine. Dimethylformamide is unstable (especially at high temperatures) in the presence of a strong base such as sodium hydroxide or a strong acid such as hydrochloric acid or sulfuric acid, and is hydrolyzed to formic acid and dimethylamine.
N,N-Dimethylformamide structure
| | Physical properties | Clear, colorless to light yellow, hygroscopic, mobile liquid with a faint, characteristic, ammonialike
odor. An experimentally determined odor threshold concentration of 100 ppmv was reported
by Leonardos et al. (1969). | | Uses | N,N-Dimethylformamide (DMF) is a clear liquid that has been widely used in industries as a solvent, an additive, or an intermediate because of its extensive miscibility with water and most common organic solvents. Dimethylformamide solutions are used toprocess polymer fibers, films, and surface coatings; to permit easy spinning of acrylic fibers; to produce wire enamels, and as a crystallization medium in the pharmaceutical industry.
DMF can also be used for formylation with alkyllithium or Grignard reagents. It is used as a reagent in Bouveault aldehyde synthesis and also in Vilsmeier-Haack reaction. It acts as a catalyst in the synthesis of acyl chlorides. It is used for separating and refining crude from olefin gas. DMF along with methylene chloride acts as a remover of varnish or lacquers. It is also used in the manufacture of adhesives, fibers and films. | | Definition | ChEBI: N,N-dimethylformamide is a member of the class of formamides that is formamide in which the amino hydrogens are replaced by methyl groups. It has a role as a polar aprotic solvent, a hepatotoxic agent and a geroprotector. It is a volatile organic compound and a member of formamides. It is functionally related to a formamide. | | Production Methods | Industrial production of N,N-Dimethylformamide (DMF) is via three separate processes (Eberling 1980). Dimethylamine in methanol is reacted with carbon monoxide in the presence of sodium methoxide or metal carbonyls at 110-150°C and high pressure. Alternately, methyl formate is produced from carbon monoxide and methanol under high pressure at 60-100°C in the presence of sodium methoxide. The resulting methyl formate is distilled and then reacted with dimethylamine at 80-100°C and low pressure. The third process involves reaction of carbon dioxide, hydrogen and dimethylamine in the presence of halogen-containing transition metal compounds to yield DMF.
| | Preparation | Two processes are used commercially to produce dimethylformamide. In the direct or one-step process, dimethylamine and carbon monoxide react at 100°C and 200 psia in the presence of a sodium methoxide catalyst to make dimethylformamide. The homogenous catalyst is separated from the crude DMF, which is then refined to the final product. In the indirect process, methyl formate is isolated, and then reacted with dimethylamine to form DMF. To obtain methyl formate, two methods may be used - dehydrogenation of methanol and esterification of formic acid.
The two-step process for the synthesis of N,N-dimethylformamide differs from direct synthesis because methyl formate is prepared separately and introduced in the form of ca. 96% pure (commercialgrade) material. Equimolar amounts of methyl formate and N,N-dimethylamine are subjected to a continuous reaction at 60-100°C and 0.1 – 0.3 MPa. The resulting product is a mixture of N,N-dimethylformamide and methanol. The purification process involves distillation and is analogous to that described for direct synthesis. However, no separation of salts is required because no catalysts are involved in the process. According to the corrosive properties of both starting materials and products, stainless steel has to be used as material of construction for production facilities. | | Application | The principal applications of N,N-dimethylformamide are as a solvent and as an extractant, particularly for salts and compounds with high molecular mass. This role is consistent with its interesting combination of physical and chemical properties: low molecular mass, high dielectric constant, electron-donor characteristics, and ability to form complexes. The use of DMF as a component in synthesis is of relatively minor significance, at least commercially. N,N-Dimethylformamide (anhydrous) has been used as solvent for the synthesis of cytotoxic luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH) conjugate AN-152 (a chemotherapeutic drug) and fluorophore C625 [4-(N,N-diphenylamino)-4′-(6-O-hemiglutarate)hexylsulfinyl stilbene]. It may be employed as solvent medium for the various organic reduction reactions. | | General Description | A water-white liquid with a faint fishy odor. Flash point 136°F. Slightly less dense than water. Vapors heavier than air. Toxic by inhalation or skin absorption. May irritate eyes. | | Air & Water Reactions | Flammable. Water soluble. | | Reactivity Profile | N,N-Dimethylformamide may react violently with a broad range of chemicals, e.g.: alkaline metals (sodium, potassium), azides, hydrides (sodium borohydride, lithium aluminum hydride), bromine, chlorine, carbon tetrachloride, hexachlorocyclohexane, phosphorus pentaoxide, triethylaluminum, magnesium nitrate, organic nitrates. Forms explosive mixtures with lithium azide [Bretherick, 5th ed., 1995, p. 453]. Oxidation by chromium trioxide or potassium permanganate may lead to explosion [Pal B. C. et al., Chem. Eng. News, 1981, 59, p. 47]. | | Health Hazard | The acute toxicity of DMF is low by inhalation, ingestion, and skin contact. Contact
with liquid DMF may cause eye and skin irritation. DMF is an excellent solvent for
many toxic materials that are not ordinarily absorbed and can increase the hazard of
these substances by skin contact. Exposure to high concentrations of DMF may lead
to liver damage and other systemic effects.
Dimethylformamide is listed by IARC in Group 2B ("possible human carcinogen").
It is not classified as a "select carcinogen" according to the criteria of the OSHA
Laboratory Standard. No significant reproductive effects have been observed in
animal tests. Repeated exposure to DMF may result in damage to the liver, kidneys,
and cardiovascular system | | Flammability and Explosibility | DMF is a combustible liquid (NFPA rating = 2). Vapors are heavier than air and may travel to source of ignition and flash back. DMF vapor forms explosive mixtures with air at concentrations of 2.2 to 15.2% (by volume). Carbon dioxide or dry chemical extinguishers should be used to fight DMF fires. | | Industrial uses | World production capacity of DMF is about 225 x 103 tons per year. The main application of DMF is as solvent in industrial processes, especially for polar polymers such as Polyvinylchloride, polyacrylonitrile and polyurethanes. DMF solutions of high molecular weight polymers are processed to fibers, films, surface coatings and synthetic leathers. Since salts can be dissolved and dissociated in DMF, the solutions are used in electrolytic capacitors and certain electrolytic processes (Eberling 1980). | | Contact allergens | This is an organic solvent for vinyl resins and acetylene, butadiene, and acid gases. It caused contact dermatitis in a technician at an epoxy resin factory and can provoke alcohol-induced flushing in exposed subjects. | | Synthesis | N,N-Dimethylformamide is predominantly produced in a single-step reaction between dimethylamine and carbon monoxide under pressure at high temperatures and in the presence of basic catalysts such as sodium methoxide. The crude product contains methanol and N,N-dimethylformamide with increased purity (up to 99.9%) is obtained by multiple distillations. Alternatively, it can be produced by a two-step process in which methyl formate is prepared separately and, in a second step, reacts with dimethylamine under similar conditions as those described for the single-step reaction. No catalysts are involved in the process. | | Carcinogenicity | DMF is not carcinogenic to
animals except under very high inhalation exposure conditions.
No increase in tumors was seen in rats that
inhaled 25, 100, or 400 ppm for 6 h/day, 5 days/week for
2 years. Similarly, no tumors were produced
in mice under the same conditions for 18 months. In
that chronic experiment, rats and mice were exposed by
inhalation (6 h/day, 5 days/week) to 0, 25, 100, or 400 ppm
DMF for 18 months (mice) or 2 years (rats). Body weights
of rats exposed to 100 (males only) and 400 ppm were
reduced and, conversely, body weights were increased in
400 ppm mice. Serum sorbitol dehydrogenase activity was
increased in rats exposed to 100 or 400 ppm. DMF-related
morphological changes in rats were observed only in the
liver and consisted of increased relative liver weights,
centrilobular hepatocellular hypertrophy, lipofuscin/hemosiderin
accumulation in Kupffer cells, and centrilobular
single cell necrosis (400 ppm only). The same liver effects
were seen in all groups of mice, although the response at
25 ppm was judged as minimal. | | Environmental fate | Biological. Incubation of [14C]N,N-dimethylformamide (0.1–100 μg/L) in natural seawater
resulted in the compound mineralizing to carbon dioxide. The rate of carbon dioxide formation
was inversely proportional to the initial concentration (Ursin, 1985).
Chemical. Reacts with acids or bases forming formic acid and dimethylamine (BASF, 1999) | | Metabolic pathway | Three urinary metabolites are identified in humans and
rodents, and the metabolites quantified are N-
(hydroxymethyl)-N-methylformamide (HMMF), resulting
in N-methylformamide (NMF) and N-acetyl-S-(N-
methylcarbamoyl)cysteine (AMCC). Ten volunteers
who absorb between 28 and 60 mmol/kg DMF during
an 8 h exposure to DMF in air at 6 mg=m3 excrete in
the urine within 72 h between 16.1 and 48.7% of the
dose as HMMF, between 8.3 and 23.9% as
formamide, and between 9.7 and 22.8% as AMCC.
AMCC together with HMMF is also detected in the
urine of workers after occupational exposure to DMF.
There is a quantitative difference between the
metabolic pathway of DMF to AMCC in humans and
rodents. | | storage | DMF should be used only in areas free of ignition sources, and quantities greater than 1 liter should be stored in tightly sealed metal containers in areas separate from oxidizers. | | Purification Methods | DMF decomposes slightly at its normal boiling point to give small amounts of dimethylamine and carbon monoxide. The decomposition is catalysed by acidic or basic materials, so that even at room temperature DMF is appreciably decomposed if allowed to stand for several hours with solid KOH, NaOH or CaH2. If these reagents are used as dehydrating agents, therefore, they should not be refluxed with the DMF. Use of CaSO4, MgSO4, silica gel or Linde type 4A molecular sieves is preferable, followed by distillation under reduced pressure. This procedure is adequate for most laboratory purposes. Larger amounts of water can be removed by azeotropic distillation with *benzene (10% v/v, previously dried over CaH2), at atmospheric pressure: water and *benzene distil below 80o. The liquid remaining in the distillation flask is further dried by adding MgSO4 (previously ignited overnight at 300-400o) to give 25g/L. After shaking for one day, a further quantity of MgSO4 is added, and the DMF is distillied at 15-20mm pressure through a 3-ft vacuum-jacketed column packed with steel helices. However, MgSO4 is an inefficient drying agent, leaving about 0.01M water in the final DMF. More efficient drying (to around 0.001-0.007M water) is achieved by standing with powdered BaO, followed by decanting before distillation, then with alumina powder (50g/L, previously heated overnight to 500-600o), and distilling from more of the alumina, or by refluxing at 120-140o for 24hours with triphenylchlorosilane (5-10g/L), then distilling at ca 5mm pressure [Thomas & Rochow J Am Chem Soc 79 1843 1957]. Free amine in DMF can be detected by the colour reaction with 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene. It has also been purified by drying overnight over KOH pellets and then distilling from BaO through a 10 cm Vigreux column (p 11) [Jasiewicz et al. Exp Cell Res 100 213 1976]. [For efficiency of desiccants in drying dimethylformamide see Burfield & Smithers J Org Chem 43 3966 1978, and for a review on purification, tests of purity and physical properties, see Juillard Pure Appl Chem 49 885 1977.] It has been purified by distilling from K2CO3 under high vacuum and fractionated in an all-glass apparatus. The middle fraction is collected, degassed (seven or eight freeze-thaw cycles) and redistilled under as high a vacuum as possible [Mohammad & Kosower J Am Chem Soc 93 2713 1971]. [Beilstein 4 IV 171.] Rapid purification: Stir over CaH2 (5% w/v) overnight, filter, then distil at 20mmHg. Store the distilled DMF over 3A or 4A molecular sieves. For solid phase synthesis, the DMF used must be of high quality and free from amines. | | Incompatibilities | Though stable at normal temperatures and storage conditions, DMF may react violently with halogens, acyl halides, strong oxidizers, and polyhalogenated compounds in the presence of iron. Decomposition products include toxic gases and vapors such as dimethylamine and carbon monoxide. DMF will attack some forms of plastics, rubber, and coatings. | | Waste Disposal | Excess DMF and waste material containing this substance should be placed in an appropriate container, clearly labeled, and handled according to your institution's waste disposal guidelines. |
| | N,N-Dimethylformamide Preparation Products And Raw materials |
| Raw materials | Methanol-->Ammonia-->Sodium Methoxide-->Formic acid-->Dimethylamine-->CARBON MONOXIDE-->Chloral-->Methyl formate-->hydracide-->5-Methyl furfural | | Preparation Products | Indole-5-carboxaldehyde-->4-(1H-IMIDAZOL-1-YL)BENZOIC ACID-->1-(2,4-DIMETHYLQUINOLIN-3-YL)ETHANONE HYDROCHLORIDE-->1-(1-Methyl-4-piperidinyl)piperazine-->N-METHYL-2-PIPERAZIN-1-YLACETAMIDE-->2,3-(METHYLENEDIOXY)BENZALDEHYDE-->4-AMINO-6-CHLORO-PYRIMIDINE-5-CARBALDEHYDE-->1-[2,6-DICHLORO-4-(TRIFLUOROMETHYL)PHENYL]-2,5-DIMETHYL-1H-PYRROLE-3-CARBALDEHYDE-->(2-METHYL-4-PHENYLQUINOLIN-3-YL)ACETIC ACID HYDROCHLORIDE-->THIOPHENE-3,4-DICARBOXYLIC ACID-->4,6-Dichloro-5-pyrimidinecarbaldehyde-->ETHYL 2,4-DIMETHYLQUINOLINE-3-CARBOXYLATE-->4-BENZYLOXY-2-NITROTOLUENE-->EMITEFUR-->2-(Aminomethyl)-1-ethylpyrrolidine-->Cefpimizole-->Octenidine-->4-METHYL-2-(1H-PYRROL-2-YL)QUINOLINE-->1-[(4-METHYLPHENYL)SULFONYL]-1H-INDOLE-3-CARBALDEHYDE-->ETHYL 2-(CHLOROMETHYL)-4-PHENYLQUINOLINE-3-CARBOXYLATE HYDROCHLORIDE-->3,5-Difluorophenylacetic acid-->ETHYL 2-(CHLOROMETHYL)-4-PHENYLQUINOLINE-3-CARBOXYLATE-->9-DIETHYLAMINO-2-HYDROXY-5H-BENZ(A)--->2-Cyano-5-methylpyridine-->1-METHYL-1H-PYRAZOLO[3,4-B]PYRIDIN-3-YLAMINE-->4-Acetamido-3-nitrobenzoic acid-->Labetalol-->a new kind of liquid crystal copolymer-->3-CHLORO-2-HYDROXY-5-NITROPYRIDINE-->Pyridine-2-carbonyl chloride hydrochloride-->RARECHEM AL BI 1318-->2-CHLORO-4-(N,N-DIMETHYLAMINO)PYRIMIDINE-->Methylprednisolone aceponate-->1-(3-Pyridyl)-3-(dimethylamino)-2-propen-1-one-->2,2'-BITHIOPHENE-5-CARBOXALDEHYDE-->Halofuginone-->4,6-DIMETHOXYPYRIMIDINE-2-CARBONYL CHLORIDE-->Etomidate-->Olprinone-->Bifendate |
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