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| Product Name: | Arabic gum | | Synonyms: | acaciadealbatagum;acaciasenegal;acaciasyrup;australiangum;gumdragon;gumovaline;gumsenegal;nci-c50748 | | CAS: | 9000-01-5 | | MF: | N/A | | MW: | 0 | | EINECS: | 232-519-5 | | Product Categories: | | | Mol File: | Mol File | ![Arabic gum Structure]() |
| | Arabic gum Chemical Properties |
| density | 1.35 | | FEMA | 2001 | ACACIA GUM (ACACIA SENEGAL (L.) WILLD.) | | storage temp. | Sealed in dry,Room Temperature | | solubility | water: soluble | | form | fine powder | | color | White to yellow-beige | | Specific Gravity | 1.35-1.49 | | PH Range | 4.1 - 4.8 | | Odor | ylsh.-wh. angular fragments, odorless | | Odor Type | Bland | | Water Solubility | Water soluble. Aqueous solution is acidic to litmus. | | Merck | 14,14 | | Stability: | Stable. Incompatible with alcohols, oxidizing agents. | | CAS DataBase Reference | 9000-01-5 | | EPA Substance Registry System | Gum arabic (9000-01-5) |
| | Arabic gum Usage And Synthesis |
| Overview | Gum arabic[GA] is a branched-chain, complex polysaccharide, either neutral or slightly acidic, found as a mixed calcium, magnesium and potassium salt of a polysaccharidic acid[1-3]. Its backbone is composed of 1,3-linked b-D-galactopyranosyl units. The side chains are composed of two to five 1,3-linked b-D-galactopyranosyl units, joined to the main chain by 1,6-linkages.
![Arabic gum[piece and powder]](/NewsImg/2018-09-28/201892814533522677.jpg "Arabic gum[piece and powder]")
Figure 1 Arabic gum[piece and powder]. | | Applications | GA has wide industrial uses as a stabilizer, thickening agent and emulsifier, mainly in the food industry[e.g. in soft drinks syrup, gummy candies and marshmallows], but also in the textile, pottery, lithography, cosmetics and pharmaceutical industries[3].
In folk medicine, GA has been reported to be used internally for the treatment of inflammation of the intestinal mucosa, and externally to cover inflamed surfaces[4]. Some recent reports have claimed that GA possesses anti-oxidant, nephroprotectant and other effects[4-6]. Clinically, it has been tried in patients with chronic renal failure, and it was claimed that it helps reduce urea and creatinine plasma concentrations and reduces the need for dialysis from 3 to 2 times per week[7].
| | Biological and pharmacological effects | Lipid mechanism
GA increased cholesterol biosynthesis in rats fed a cholesterol-containing diet, but had no effect in rats on a cholesterol-free diet[8]. Ross et al.[9] and Sharma[10] reported reductions of total serum cholesterol by 6% and 10.4%, respectively when subjects received 25 g/day and 30 g/day of GA for periods of 21 and 30 days. The decrease was confined to LDL and VLDL cholesterol only, with no effect on HDL and triglycerides.
Blood glucose level
Mixtures of different types of gum have been shown to inhibit glucose movement in vitro, and lower postprandial blood glucose and plasma insulin in human subjects when incorporated in a drink containing 50 g glucose[11,12].
Gastrointestinal tract
GA can improve small intestinal absorption of water as well as electrolytes[13,14]. Various mechanism[s] have been proposed to account for the proabsorptive effects of GA on intestinal water and electrolytes under normal conditions and more so in conditions of diarrheal illness[15]. GA is a soluble fiber with moderate emulsifying properties[16] that may result in greater accessibility of electrolytes and associated water to the microvillous membrane. This was probably reflected in the increased lumen-to-serosa water influx noted with GA administration in the chronic osmotic-secretory diarrhea model[14].
Tooth mineralization
It has been shown, using histopathological methods, that GA has the ability to enhance remineralization[17], probably by supporting other remineralization activities. This supporting role was ascribed to the rich content of Ca2+, Mg2+, and K+ salts of polysaccharides in GA, and to the effect of the gum on the metabolism of Ca2+ and possibly phosphate.
| | Adverse effects and Toxicity | No significant adverse or toxic actions have been associated with the use of GA.
| | References |
- Anderson, D.M.W., Stoddart, J.F., 1996. 2, 104–114.
- Islam, A.M., Phillips, G.O., Sljivo, M.J., Williams, P.A., 1997. Food Hydrocoll. 11, 493–505.
- Verbeken, D., Dierckx, S., Dewettinck, K., 2003. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 63, 10–21.
- Gamal el-din, A.M., Mostafa, A.M., Al-Shabanah, O.A., Al-Bekairi, A.M., Nagi, M.N., 2003. Pharmacol. Res. 48, 631–635.
- Rehman, K., Wingertzahn, M.A., Harper, R.G., Wapnir, R.A., 2001. J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr. 32, 529–533.
- Ali, A.A., Ali, K.E., Fadlalla, A., Khalid, K.E., 2008. Nat. Prod. Res. 22, 12–21.
- Suliman, S.M., Hamdouk, M.I., Elfaki, M.B., 2000. G.A. fiber as a supplement to low protein diet in chronic renal failure patients. In: Sudan Association of Physicians, 17th Conference, Friendship Hall, Khartoum, Sudan, 21–23 March.
- Kelley, J.J., Tsai, A., 1978. J. Nutr. 108, 630–639.
- Ross, A.H., Eastwood, M.A., Brydon, W.G., Anderson, J.R., Anderson, D.M., 1983. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 37, 368–375.
- Sharma, R.D., 1985. Nutr. Res., 1321–1326.
- Edwards, C.A., Blackburn, N.A., Craigen, L., Davison, P., Tomlin, J., Sugden, K., Johnson, I.T., 1987. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 46, 72–77.
- Torsdottir, I., Alpsten, M., Andersson, H., Einarsson, S., 1989. J. Nutr. 119, 1925–1931
- Codipilly, C.N., Wapnir, R.A., 2004. Dig. Dis. Sci. 49, 1473–1478.
- Wapnir, R.A., Wingertzahn, M.A., Moyse, J., Teichberg, S., 1997. Gastroenterology 112, 1979–1985.
- Codipilly, C.N., Teichberg, S., Wapnir, R.A., 2006. J. Am. Coll. Nutr. 25, 307–312.
- Phillips, G.O., 1998. Food Addit. Contam. 15, 251–264.
- Onishi, T., Umemura, S., Yanagawa, M., Matsumura, M., Sasaki, Y., Ogasawara, T., Ooshima, T., 2008. Arch. Oral. Biol. 53, 257–260.
| | Description | Acacia gum is an odourless white to yellow-white powder. It is soluble in water and incompatible
with alcohol and oxidising agents and precipitates. It gels on addition of solutions
of ferric salts, borax, lead subacetate, alcohol, sodium silicate, gelatin, and ammoniated
tincture of guaiac. It is non-toxic and non-hazardous. It is a water-soluble gum from several
species of the acacia tree, especially Acacia senegal and A. arabica, and used in the
manufacture of adhesives and ink and as a binding medium for marbling colours.
Gum arabic is also known as gum acacia and is a natural gum made of hardened sap
taken from two species of the Acacia tree – Acacia senegal and Acacia seyal. Gum arabic is
a natural product of the Acacia senegal tree, occurring as an exudate from the trunks and
branches. It is used primarily in the food industry as a stabiliser but has had more varied
uses. It is normally collected by hand when dried, when it resembles a hard, amber-like
resin normally referred to as ‘tears’. Gum arabic is widely used in the food industry as
an emulsifier, thickener, and flavouring and thickening agent. It is employed as a soothing
agent in inflammatory conditions of the respiratory, digestive, and urinary tracts and
is useful in diarrhoea and dysentery. It exerts a soothing influence upon all the surfaces
with which it comes in contact. Gum acacia is an ingredient of all the official Trochisci and
various syrups, pastes, and pastilles or jujubes. During the time of the gum harvest, the
Moors of the desert are said to live almost entirely on it, and it has been proved that 6 oz.
is sufficient to support an adult for 24 h.
Gum acacia is highly nutritious, is a mixture of saccharides and glycoproteins, and provides
the properties of a glue and binder suitable for human edibility. In many cases of disease,
it is considered that a solution of gum arabic may for a time constitute the exclusive drink and food of the patient. Gum arabic reduces the surface tension of liquids, which
leads to increased fizzing in carbonated drinks. | | Chemical Properties | Acacia gum is a white to yellow-white odorless powder. It is soluble in water and incom-
patible with alcohol, oxidizing agents, and precipitates or forms jellies on addition of
solutions of ferric salts, borax, lead subacetate, alcohol, sodium silicate, gelatin, ammoni-
ated tincture of guaiac. It is non-toxic and non-hazardous. A water-soluble gum from
several species of the acacia tree, especially
Acacia senegal
and
A. Arabica
, it is used in the
manufacture of adhesives and ink, and as a binding medium for marbling colors.
Gum arabic, also known as gum acacia, chaar gund, or char goond, is a natural gum
made of hardened sap taken from two species of the acacia tree—
A. senegal
and
A. seyal
.
Gum arabic is a natural product of the
A. senegal
tree, occurring as an exudate from the
trunks and branches. It is used primarily in the food industry as a stabilizer, but has had
more varied uses. It is normally collected by hand when dried, when it resembles a hard,
amber-like resin normally referred to as “tears.” Gum arabic is widely used in the food
industry, as an emulsifi
er, thickener, and fl
avor enhancer. It is employed as a soothing
agent in infl
ammatory conditions of the respiratory, digestive, and urinary tract, and is
useful in diarrhea and dysentery. It exerts a soothing infl
uence on all the surfaces with
which it comes in contact. Gum acacia is an ingredient of all the offi
cial Trochisci, and
various syrups, pastes, and pastilles or jujubes. During the time of the gum harvest, the
Moors of the desert are said to live almost entirely on it, and it has been proved that 6
oz is suffi
cient to support an adult for 24 h. Gum acacia is a mixture of saccharides and
glycoproteins, is highly nutritious, and provides the properties of a glue, and a binder
suitable for human consumption. In many cases of disease, it is considered that a solu-
tion of gum arabic may, for a time,constitute the exclusive drink and food of the patient.
Gum arabic reduces the surface tension of liquids, which leads to increased fi
zzing in
carbonated drinks. | | Chemical Properties | white to yellow-white powder | | Chemical Properties | Acacia is available as white or yellowish-white thin flakes,
spheroidal tears, granules, powder, or spray-dried powder. It is
odorless and has a bland taste. | | Chemical Properties | Arabic.or.acacia.gum.is.the.dried.exudate.obtained.from.the.stems.and.branches.of.Acacia senegal (L.).Willd.or.of. related.species.of.Acacia..Injured.trees.exude.gum.Arabic;.heat,.poor.nutrition.and.drought.stimulate.its.production..Most.of.the.gum. Arabic.production.is.from.wild.trees,.but.some.from.privately.owned.and.cultivated.gardens.are.tapped.and.collected.on.a.systematic. basis.
The.gum.called.Hashab.geneina.(garden.gum).is.the.cleanest.and.lightest.grade.and.is.most.preferred.for.the.U.S..market..The.wild. gum.(called.Hashab.wady).is.collected.on.a.part-time.basis.in.the.dry.season,.from.October.to.May.or.June,.by.natives.whose.main. occupation.is.usually.farming..After.gathering,.it.is.taken.to.central.collecting.stations.where.it.is.auctioned.under.government.supervision,.graded.by.hand.and.dried.before.exporting.to.gum.suppliers.in.all.parts.of.the.world..Then.it.is.resorted,.ground,.processed. and.graded.to.various.specifications
Clear,.white.(sun-bleached).spheroidal.tears,.up.to.32.mm.in.diameter,.also.occur.as.flakes..Chemically,.gum.Arabic.is.a.neutral.or. slightly.acid.salt.of.a.complex.polysaccharide.containing.calcium,.magnesium.and.potassium.cations..Its.most.distinguishing.property.among.the.natural.gums.is.its.extreme.solubility.in.water..Solutions.of.over.50%.concentration.may.be.prepared..Gum.Arabic. is.best.described.as.“heteropolymolecular,”.that.is,.a.polymer.system.having.either.a.variation.in.monomer.(galactose,.arabinose,. rhamnose,.glucuronic.acid.and.4-O-methylgucuronic.acid).composition.and/or.variation.in.the.mode.of.linking.and.branching.of.the. monomer.units,.in.addition.to.a.distribution.in.molecular.weight.
Major.uses.of.gum.Arabic.in.foods.are.as.a.fixative.for.flavors,.a.foam.stabilizer.in.beverages,.an.adhesive.for.icings.and.toppings,. and.an.emulsifier.and.stabilizer.in.confectionary.and.ice.cream.It.is.also.widely.used.in.the.pharmaceutical,.cosmetic,.paper,.textile,. paint,ink.and.lithography.industries. | | Uses | A gum obtained from breaks or wounds in the bark of acacia trees. It dissolves in hot or cold water forming clear solutions which can be up to 50% gum acacia. The solubility in water increases with temperature. It is used in confectionary glazes to retard or prevent sugar crystallization and acts as an emulsifier to prevent fat from forming an oxidizable, greasy film. It functions as a flavor fixative in spray-drying to form a thin film around the flavor particle. It also functions as an emulsifier in flavor emulsions, as a cloud agent in beverages, and as a form stabilizer. It is also termed acacia. | | Uses | As mucilage, excipient for tablets, size, emulsifier, thickener, also in candy, other foods; as colloidal stabilizer. In the manufacture of spray-dried "fixed" flavorsstable, powdered flavors used in packaged dry-mix products (puddings, desserts, cake mixes) where flavor stability and long shelf life are important. | | Uses | acacia (Acacia senegal)(acacia gum; black catechu; gum acacia; gum Arabic) is commonly used in traditional remedies as a soothing and anti-inflammatory agent. It is also used as a vegetable gum for product thickening. In extract form, acacia is recommended for dry, sensitive, or delicate skin. Acacia is the dried gummy sap from the stems and branches of various species of the African acacia tree. It may cause skin rashes in cases of allergy. | | Production Methods | Acacia is the dried gummy exudate obtained from the stems and
branches of Acacia senegal (Linné ) Willdenow or other related
species of Acacia (Fam. Leguminosae) that grow mainly in the
Sudan and Senegal regions of Africa.
The bark of the tree is incised and the exudate allowed to dry on
the bark. The dried exudate is then collected, processed to remove
bark, sand, and other particulate matter, and graded. Various acacia
grades differing in particle size and other physical properties are
thus obtained. A spray-dried powder is also commercially available. | | Definition | The dried, water-soluble exudate
from the stems of Acacia senegal or related species.
| | Taste threshold values | Absolute;.taste.characteristics.at.15.ppm:.spicy.sweet,.fruity.and.honey.with.a.woody,.herbal.nuance | | General Description | White powder. | | Air & Water Reactions | Water soluble. Aqueous solution is acid to litmus. | | Reactivity Profile | Arabic gum reacts with strong oxidizing agents. Arabic gum precipitates out of solution or jellies upon addition of solutions of ferric salts, borax, basic lead acetate, alcohol, sodium silicate, gelatin or ammoniated tincture of guaiac. | | Health Hazard | Exposures to gum arabica dust produce a weak allergen reaction. Prolonged periods of
dust inhalation may cause allergic respiratory reaction, headache, coughing, dizziness,
dyspnea, respiratory symptoms such as asthma, watery nose and eyes, cough, wheezing,
nausea, vomiting, dyspnea, and urticaria. Hives, eczema, and swelling may also occur.
Ingestion and inhalation of gum acacia is considered non-toxic, but sensitive individuals
may develop symptoms of mild toxicity. | | Fire Hazard | Flash point data for Arabic gum are not available; however, Arabic gum is probably combustible. | | Pharmaceutical Applications | Acacia is mainly used in oral and topical pharmaceutical formulations
as a suspending and emulsifying agent, often in combination
with tragacanth. It is also used in the preparation of pastilles and
lozenges, and as a tablet binder, although if used incautiously it can
produce tablets with a prolonged disintegration time. Acacia has
also been evaluated as a bioadhesive; and has been used in novel
tablet formulations,and modified release tablets.
Acacia is also used in cosmetics, confectionery, food products,
and spray-dried flavors. | | Biochem/physiol Actions | Gum arabic (GA) is reported to be a strong anti-oxidant and has shown protection against nephrotoxicity in mice by the generation of free radicals. GA also reduced the blood glucose concentration by initiating the release of insulin from the pancreatic β cells. It has hypolipidemic effect by increasing fecal bile acid and modification of lipid digestion. It is a potential therapeutic agent in hepatic and renal failures. It contains enzymes like oxidases, pectinases and peroxidases that act against microbes that cause tooth decay. Gum arabic is implicated in adverse effects like suppression of macrophage activation. | | Safety Profile | Very low toxicity by ingestion.Inhalation or ingestion has produced hives, eczema, andangiodema. Experimental reproductive effects. A severeeye irritant. A weak allergen. Mutation data reported.Combustible. When heated to decomposition it emitsacrid | | Safety | Acacia is used in cosmetics, foods, and oral and topical
pharmaceutical formulations. Although it is generally regarded as
an essentially nontoxic material, there have been a limited number
of reports of hypersensitivity to acacia after inhalation or
ingestion.Severe anaphylactic reactions have occurred following
the parenteral administration of acacia and it is now no longer
used for this purpose.
The WHO has not set an acceptable daily intake for acacia as a
food additive because the levels necessary to achieve a desired effect
were not considered to represent a hazard to health.
LD50 (hamster, oral): >18 g/kg
LD50 (mouse, oral): >16 g/kg
LD50 (rabbit, oral): 8.0 g/kg
LD50 (rat, oral): >16 g/kg | | storage | Aqueous solutions are subject to bacterial or enzymatic degradation
but may be preserved by initially boiling the solution for a short
time to inactivate any enzymes present; microwave irradiation can
also be used. Aqueous solutions may also be preserved by the
addition of an antimicrobial preservative such as 0.1% w/v benzoic
acid, 0.1% w/v sodium benzoate, or a mixture of 0.17% w/v
methylparaben and 0.03% propylparaben. Powdered acacia should
be stored in an airtight container in a cool, dry place. | | Incompatibilities | amidopyrine, apomorphine, cresol, ethanol (95%), ferric salts,
morphine, phenol, physostigmine, tannins, thymol, and vanillin.
An oxidizing enzyme present in acacia may affect preparations
containing easily oxidizable substances. However, the enzyme may
be inactivated by heating at 100℃ for a short time.
Many salts reduce the viscosity of aqueous acacia solutions,
while trivalent salts may initiate coagulation. Aqueous solutions
carry a negative charge and will form coacervates with gelatin and
other substances. In the preparation of emulsions, solutions of
acacia are incompatible with soaps. | | Regulatory Status | GRAS listed. Accepted for use in Europe as a food additive.
Included in the FDA Inactive Ingredients Database (oral preparations
and buccal or sublingual tablets). Included in the Canadian
List of Acceptable Non-medicinal Ingredients. Included in nonparenteral
medicines licensed in the UK. |
| | Arabic gum Preparation Products And Raw materials |
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