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| | Lofexidine hydrochloride Basic information |
| | Lofexidine hydrochloride Chemical Properties |
| Melting point | 230-232°C | | storage temp. | -20°C Freezer | | solubility | H2O: soluble20mg/mL, clear | | form | powder | | color | white to beige | | InChIKey | DWWHMKBNNNZGHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N | | CAS DataBase Reference | 21498-08-8(CAS DataBase Reference) |
| Hazard Codes | T | | Risk Statements | 25 | | Safety Statements | 45 | | RIDADR | UN 2811 6.1 / PGIII | | WGK Germany | 3 | | HazardClass | 6.1 | | Toxicity | LD50 in mice, rats, dogs (mg/kg): between 74-147 orally (all species); between 8-18 i.v. (all species) (Tsai) |
| | Lofexidine hydrochloride Usage And Synthesis |
| Chemical Properties | Crystalline Solid | | Originator | Lofetensin,Nattermann,W. Germany,1981 | | Uses | a2-Adrenoceptor agonist related structurally to Clonidine. Used in treatment of opioid withdrawal symptoms; antihypertensive. | | Uses | α2-Adrenoceptor agonist related structurally to Clonidine. Used in treatment of opioid withdrawal symptoms; antihypertensive. | | Uses | Lofexidine hydrochloride is an α2-adrenergic receptor agonist (Kd = 7.6 nM for rat cerebral cortex membranes) that has transient antihypertensive effects. It is used in managing opioid withdrawal symptoms during detoxification from heroin and methadone.
| | Manufacturing Process | 10.4 ml of absolute ethanol are added to 57.5g of α-2,6-
dichlorophenoxypropionitrile, followed by the introduction of 100 ml of
chloroform dried over phosphorus pentoxide; 10.4 g of carefully dried
hydrogen chloride being slowly introduced with stirring and cooling with
ice/common salt. Most of the chloroform and excess hydrogen chloride is then
removed by filtration in vacuo at room temperature, and dry ether added to
the residue until the imido acid ester hydrochloride is quantitatively
precipitated. The α-dichlorophenoxypropionimido acid ethyl ester
hydrochloride can be obtained analytically pure in the form of white, strongly
hygroscopic crystals by repeated dissolution in a little absolute ethanol in the
absence of heat, and precipitation with ether.
The crude α-(2,6-dichlorophenoxy)propionamido acid ethyl ester hydrochloride
is added in portions to a stirred, ice-cooled solution of 29.5 g of anhydrous
ethylenediamine in 200 ml of absolute ethanol in such a way that the
temperature does not exceed 0°C to 5°C. The cooling bath is then removed
and the reaction mixture heated for 1 hour on a water bath to approximately
70°C.
After cooling, unreacted ethylenediamine is neutralized in a cooling mixture
with the absolute ethanolic hydrochloric acid, filtered off from any components
that are insoluble in ethanol and approximately two-thirds of the solvent
filtered off under suction in a water jet pump vacuum. Residual quantities ofethylenediamine dihydrochloride are precipitated in fractions by the careful
addition of ethyl methyl ketone, after which the imidazoline hydrochloride is
separated off by the addition of dry ether. Following repeated recrystallization
from ethanol ether, 2-[α-(2,6-dichlorophenoxy)ethyl]-δ2-imidazoline
hydrochloride is obtained in the form of small white crystals melting at 221°C
to 223°C. | | Brand name | Lofexidine (Rhone-Poulenc Rorer). | | Therapeutic Function | Antihypertensive | | Biological Activity | lofexidine is a α2-receptor agonist for opioid detoxification. lofexidine shows a strong affinity for the α2a-receptor subtype [1].the α2 adrenergic receptor is a g protein-coupled receptor (gpcr) consisting three highly homologous subtypes, α2a-, α2b-, and α2c-adrenergic. the α-receptors in brain are important presynaptic modulators of central noradrenergic function (autoreceptors) and postsynaptic mediators of many effects of catecholamines and related drugs. the α2-adrenergic agonists can be used as antihypertensives and preanesthetic agents [2].lofexidine is extensively absorbed, reaching peak concentrations at approximately 3 hours after oral administration. the mean maximum serum concentrations following a single 1.2 or 2.0 mg dose in healthy male adults were 1755 ± 306 and 2795 ± 593 ng/ml, respectively [1]. | | references | [1] gish e c, miller j l, honey b l, et al. lofexidine, an α2-receptor agonist for opioid detoxification[j]. annals of pharmacotherapy, 2010, 44(2): 343-351.
[2] scheinin m, lomasney j w, hayden-hixson d m, et al. distribution of α2-adrenergic receptor subtype gene expression in rat brain[j]. molecular brain research, 1994, 21(1): 133-149. |
| | Lofexidine hydrochloride Preparation Products And Raw materials |
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