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| | PETROLEUM ETHER Chemical Properties |
| Melting point | -40℃ | | Boiling point | 90-100 °C | | density | 0.77 g/mL at 20 °C | | vapor density | 2.5 (vs air) | | vapor pressure | 25.8 psi ( 55 °C) | | refractive index | n20/D 1.428 | | Fp | −57 °F | | storage temp. | Store at room temperature. | | solubility | Chloroform (Soluble), Ethyl Acetate (Slightly) | | form | Liquid | | Specific Gravity | 0.715 （20/4℃） | | color | APHA: ≤10 | | Odor | Gasoline or kerosene | | explosive limit | 8% | | Water Solubility | Insoluble in water. | | λmax | λ: 210 nm Amax: 1.00
λ: 220 nm Amax: 0.30
λ: 230 nm Amax: 0.10
λ: 240 nm Amax: 0.05
λ: 260-400 nm Amax: 0.01 | | Merck | 14,5489 | | Exposure limits | TLV-TWA 300 ppm (～1350 mg/m3)
(ACGIH), 75 ppm (～350 mg/m3) (NIOSH);
TLV-STEL 400 ppm (ACGIH). | | Stability: | Stable. Extremely flammable. Avoid strong oxidizing agents, all sources of ignition. As a consequence of its low flashpoint, mixtures of this material with air may ignite upon contact with hot surfaces - a naked flame is not required. | | EPA Substance Registry System | Ligroine (8032-32-4) |
| | PETROLEUM ETHER Usage And Synthesis |
| Description | Petroleum ether, a petroleum distillation fraction, is a mixture of low molecular weight aliphatic hydrocarbons (mostly pentanes and hexanes) with a low boiling range, typically around 30-60oC. Its name is derived from its origin and its ease of evaporation.The majority components include paraffins, olefins, naphthenes, aromatics, and about 10%–40% ethyl alcohol。
Petroleum ether is commonly used as a nonpolar solvent for oils, fats, and waxes. Petroleum ether is used in pharmaceutical industries as a solvent to isolate compounds, e.g. petroleum ether can extract stigmasterol and beta-sitosterol from the aerial parts of Ageratum conyzoides and compounds with immunomodulatory activity from Anacyclus pyrethrum. It is also used as a detergent, a fuel, insecticide, in paints and varnishes, and in photography.
| | Chemical Properties | Petroleum ether is a colorless liquid. Extracts of leaves of Litchi chinensis Gaertn. (Sapindaceae) have been prepared in petroleum ether and were evaluated for antiinflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic activities. Pentanes and hexanes are the major constituents of petroleum ether. | | uses | Petroleum ether is generally a mixture of low boiling aliphatic hydrocarbons mainly hexane and pentane. It is generally used as a laboratory solvent and also as an extraction solvent.
Petroleum ether has been used for the analysis of total dietary fiber content by employing a total dietary fibre assay kit. It may be used in the absorption chromatographic purification of organic compounds. | | References | [1] Anjoo Kamboj, Ajay Kumar Saluja (2011) Isolation of Stigmasterol and beta sitosterol from petroleum ether extract of Aerial parts of Ageratum Conyzoides (Asteracea), Inter. J. Pharma. Pharma. Sci. 3, 94-¬96.
[2] Ashton Acton (2011) Advances in Immune System Research and Applications
[3] https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/pdfs/77-192c.pdf
| | Chemical Properties | colourless liquid with hydrocarbon odour | | Chemical Properties | Petroleum ether is a flammable liquid used as a universal solvent and extractant during
the processing of different chemicals, like fats, waxes, paints, varnishes, furniture polish
thinning, as detergent, and as fuel. The major components include paraffi ns, olefi ns, naphthenes,
aromatics, and about 10%–40% ethyl alcohol. | | Uses | Thinners in paints and varnish. | | Uses | Petroleum ether 35/60 is used as a mobile phase in High Performance Liquid Chromatography and Liquid Chromatography coupled with Mass Spectrometry. | | Definition | A flammable mixture of
hydrocarbons, mainly pentane and hexane,
used as a solvent. Note that it is not an
ether. | | Definition | A colourlessvolatile flammable mixture of hydrocarbons(not an ether), mainly pentaneand hexane. It boils in the range30–70°C and is used as a solvent. | | Definition | Any of a number of narrowboiling-range fractions of petroleum with bp of
approximately 93–204C, according to the specific
use. | | General Description | Colorless liquid with the odor of gasoline. Less dense than water and insoluble in water. Hence floats on water. Also refered to as Varnish Makers & Painters Naphtha. This petroleum fraction is similar to Petroleum Ether (CAS 8030-30-6) but V.M. & P. is a heavier distillate. Flash point ranges from 20° F to 100° F. | | Air & Water Reactions | Highly flammable. Insoluble in water. | | Reactivity Profile | PETROLEUM NAPHTHA, [FLAMMABLE LIQUID LABEL] may be incompatible with strong oxidizing agents like nitric acid. Charring may occur followed by ignition of unreacted material and other nearby combustibles. In other settings, mostly unreactive. Not affected by aqueous solutions of acids, alkalis, most oxidizing agents, and most reducing agents. When heated sufficiently or when ignited in the presence of air, oxygen or strong oxidizing agents, burns exothermically to produce mostly carbon dioxide and water. | | Hazard | Flammable, dangerous fire risk. | | Health Hazard | After acute and prolonged exposures to petroleum ether in work places, occupational
workers suffer and demonstrate a variety of health disorder. The symptoms of toxicity
include, but are not limited to, erythema, edema, skin peeling, loss of appetite, muscle
weakness, paresthesia, CNS depression, peripheral nerve disorders, skin and respiratory irritation, and chemical pneumonia in children. Occupational workers exposed to rubber
solvent, varnish, thinner, and petroleum spirits develop skin irritation, respiratory problems,
and hematologic effects. | | Health Hazard | The vapors of VM&P solvent are irritant tothe eyes and upper respiratory tract. Suchirritant action in humans may be manifested at an exposure level of 1000 ppm for15 minutes. It is narcotic at high concentrations. The symptoms noted in rats of acuteexposure were loss of coordination as wellas convulsions. The inhalation LC50 value for4-hour exposure in rats is 3400 ppm (NIOSH1986).. | | Health Hazard | Inhalation of concentrated vapor may cause intoxication. Liquid is not very irritating to skin or eyes but may get into lungs by aspiration. | | Fire Hazard | Flammable liquid; flash point (closed cup)
14°C (57°F); vapors form explosive mixtures
with air within the range 1.2–6.0% by volume in air. | | Flammability and Explosibility | Extremelyflammable | | Safety Profile | Confirmed carcinogen. A poison by intravenous route. Mildly toxic by inhalation. Ingestion can cause a burning sensation, vomiting, diarrhea, drowsiness, and, in severe cases, pulmonary edema. Inhalation of concentrated vapors can cause intoxication resembling that from alcohol, headache, nausea, coma, and hemorrhage to various vital organs. An eye irritant. A flammable liquid and highly dangerous fire hazard when exposed to heat, flame, sparks, or oxidizing materials. Explosive in the form of vapor when exposed to heat or flame. Highly dangerous; keep away from heat or flame. To fight fire, use foam, CO2, dry chemical. When heated to decomposition it emits acrid smoke and irritating fumes | | Purification Methods | Shake it several times with conc H2SO4, then 10% H2SO4 and concentrated KMnO4 (to remove unsaturated, including aromatic, hydrocarbons) until the permanganate colour persists. Wash it with water, aqueous Na2CO3 and again with water. Dry it with CaCl2 or Na2SO4, and distil it. It can be dried further using CaH2 or sodium wire. Passage through a column of activated alumina, or treatment with CaH2 or sodium, removes peroxides. For the elimination of carbonyl-containing impurities without using permanganate, see n-heptane. These procedures could be used for all fractions of pet ethers. See skellysolve below, p. 178. Rapid purification: Pass it through an alumina column and fractionally distilling, collecting the desired boiling fraction. |
| | PETROLEUM ETHER Preparation Products And Raw materials |
| Raw materials | PETROLEUM ETHER | | Preparation Products | Cyclobutanecarbonyl chloride-->2,6-Dibromopyridin-3-amine-->2-CHLORO-PYRIMIDINE-5-SULFONYL CHLORIDE-->NORDALBERGIN-->2,4-DICHLORO-3,5-DINITROBENZOIC ACID-->(5-BROMO-PYRIMIDIN-2-YL)-DIETHYL-AMINE-->2-AMINO-5-CHLORO-3-PICOLINE-->2-AMINO-3,5-DICHLORO-6-METHYLPYRIDINE-->Ormeloxifene-->4-BROMO-7-CHLOROQUINOLINE-->6-METHOXYCOUMARIN-->2,6-Pyridinedicarboxaldehyde-->1-(5-NITRO-2-FURYL)ETHANONE-->4-PROPYL-PYRIDIN-2-YLAMINE-->5-ACETYL-2,3-DIHYDROBENZO(B)FURAN-->4-MALEIMIDOBUTYRIC ACID-->ETHYL 2-METHYLTHIAZOLE-4-CARBOXYLATE-->Benzoguanamine-->1-(CYCLOHEXYLCARBONYL)PIPERAZINE 97-->8-METHOXYCOUMARIN-->2-AMINO-3,5-DICHLORO-4-METHYLPYRIDINE-->2-(BUTYLAMINO)ETHANOL-->N-METHOXYCARBONYLMALEIMIDE-->4-Azabenzimidazole-->2-Amino-6-bromopyridine-->3-CARBETHOXYUMBELIFERONE-->2,4-Dichloro-3-nitropyridine-->TRIS(PENTAFLUOROPHENYL)BORANE-->4-HYDROXY-8-METHOXY-QUINOLINE-3-CARBOXYLIC ACID ETHYL ESTER-->ETHYL (3-HYDROXYPHENYL)CARBAMATE-->Triisopropyl phosphite-->2,4-Dichlorobenzenesulfonyl chloride-->2-Chloro-4,6-dimethoxy-1,3,5-triazine-->2'-chlrophenyl-diphenyl-chlromethane-->ETHYL 1,3-BENZOTHIAZOLE-2-CARBOXYLATE-->2,4,6-TRIBROMOPYRIMIDINE-->Triphenylsilanol-->Antioxidant ZM-405-->Zein-->Asiaticoside |
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