Triadimefon

Triadimefon Basic information
Product Name:Triadimefon
Synonyms:ROFON;SAMETON;MILTEK;NUREX;OTRIA;TRIADIMEFON;TYPHON;1-(4-chlorophenoxy)-3,3-dimethyl-1-(1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)-2-butanon
CAS:43121-43-3
MF:C14H16ClN3O2
MW:293.75
EINECS:256-103-8
Product Categories:Pharmaceutical intermediates;2000/60/EC;Alpha sort;ConazolesMethod Specific;Endocrine Disruptors (Draft)Pesticides&Metabolites;EPA;FUNGICIDE;European Community: ISO and DIN;Fungicides;Pesticides;Q-ZAlphabetic;TP - TZMethod Specific;Endocrine Disruptors (Draft)Alphabetic
Mol File:43121-43-3.mol
Triadimefon Structure
Triadimefon Chemical Properties
Melting point 82°C
Boiling point 441.9±55.0 °C(Predicted)
density 1.2200
vapor pressure 2 x l0-5 Pa (20 °C)
refractive index 1.5388 (estimate)
Fp 11 °C
storage temp. APPROX 4°C
solubility DMF: 30 mg/ml; DMSO: 30 mg/ml; DMSO:PBS(pH7.2) (1:1): 0.5 mg/ml; Ethanol: 10 mg/ml
pka1.41±0.11(Predicted)
form neat
Water Solubility 0.026 g/100 mL
Merck 13,9666
BRN 619231
NIST Chemistry Reference2-Butanone, 1-(4-chlorophenoxy)-3,3-dimethyl-1-(1h-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)-(43121-43-3)
EPA Substance Registry SystemTriadimefon (43121-43-3)
Safety Information
Hazard Codes Xn,N,T,F
Risk Statements 22-43-51/53-39/23/24/25-23/24/25-11
Safety Statements 24-37-61-45-36/37
RIDADR 2588
WGK Germany 2
RTECS EL7100000
HazardClass 6.1(b)
PackingGroup III
HS Code 29339900
Hazardous Substances Data43121-43-3(Hazardous Substances Data)
ToxicityLD50 in male, female rats (mg/kg): 568, 363 orally (Michel, Pourcharesse)
MSDS Information
Triadimefon Usage And Synthesis
DescriptionTriadimefon has been a widely used fungicide on crops and nonfood products since the early 1970s. The metabolite triadimenol is also active and is registered separately for use as seed treatment. Triadimenol has a broad regulatory toxicology database, but its toxicity is considered to be encompassed in that of triadimefon and therefore the same study was used by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) in establishing regulatory levels for both pesticides. In nontarget species, dopaminergic neurotoxicity is the primary effect, but with chronic exposures its toxicities include hepatic, carcinogenic, developmental, and reproductive effects.
UsesSystemic fungicide used to control mildews and rusts that attack coffee, cereals, stone fruit, grapes and ornamentals.
UsesTriadimefon is used for the control of powdery mildews in cereals, pome fruit, stone fruit, berry fruit, vines, hops, cucurbits, tomatoes, vegetables, sugar beet, mangoes, ornamentals, turf, flowers, shrubs and trees, Monilinia spp. in stone fruit, black rot of grapes, leaf blotch, leaf spot and snow mould in cereals, pineapple disease butt rot in pineapples and sugar cane, leaf spots and flower blight in flowers, shrubs and trees and many other diseases of turf.
Usesantifungal, P450 inhibitor
UsesTriadimefon is an triazole fungicide is used for the management of mango powdery mildew in South Gujarat.
UsesSystemic agricultural fungicide.
DefinitionChEBI: 1-(4-chlorophenoxy)-3,3-dimethyl-1-(1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)butan-2-one is a member of the class of triazoles that is 1-hydroxy-3,3-dimethyl-1-(1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)butan-2-one in which the hydroxyl hydrogen is replaced by a 4-chlorophenyl group. It is a member of triazoles, a member of monochlorobenzenes, an aromatic ether, a ketone and a hemiaminal ether.
General DescriptionColorless to pale yellow crystalline solid with a slight odor.
Air & Water ReactionsInsoluble in water.
Reactivity ProfileTriadimefon is incompatible with strong oxidizing agents and acids. Reacts with acid halides and anhydrides. Also reacts with most active hydrogen compounds .
Fire HazardFlash point data for Triadimefon are not available; however, Triadimefon is probably combustible.
Agricultural UsesFungicide: Triadimefon is a systemic fungicide that is used to control powdery mildews, rusts, and other fungi on coffee, seed grasses, cereals, fruits, grapes, vegetables, vines, pineapple, sugar cane, sugar beets, turf, shrubs, and trees. Not approved for use in EU countries. Registered for use in the U.S. U.S. Maximum Allowable Residue Levels for Triadimefon
Trade nameACCOST®; ACIZOL®; AMIRAL®; BAY® 6681-F; BAYLETON®; BAY®-MEB-6447; BAYER® 6681-F; BAYER® MEB-6447; MEB 6447®; PRO-TEK®; ROFON®
PharmacologyTriadimefon (36) and its alcohol analog triadimenol (37) have been intensively investigated to determine the influence of their enantiomeric difference on fungicidal activity. Between stereoisomeric triadimefon, no significant difference is observed in their fungicidal activity. However, triadimenol, which shows a much higher fungicidal activity than triadimefon, exhibits a clear stereochemistry-dependent activity difference. Greater fungicidal activity is possessed by the (1S, 2R)-isomer (28).
Safety ProfilePoison by ingestion. Mutation data reported. When heated to decomposition it emits very toxic fumes of Cland NOx. See also KETONES.
Environmental FateSoil. In a culture study, the microorganism Aspergillus niger degraded 32% of tri- adimefon to triadimenol after 5 days (Clark et al., 1978).
Plant. In soils and plants, triadimefon degrades to triadimenol (Clark et al., 1978; Rouchaud et al., 1981). In barley plants, triadimefon was metabolized to triadimenol and p-chlorophenol (Rouchaud et al., 1981; Rouchaud, 1982). In the grains an
Photolytic. When triadimefon was subjected to UV light for one week, p-chlorophenol, 4-chlorophenyl methyl carbamate and a 1,2,4-triazole formed as products (Clark et al., 1978).

Metabolic pathwayEnzymic reduction of triadimefon is an important pathway in plants, soils and fungi and may be regarded as an activation process, which produces fungicidally active triadimenol. Two diastereoisomers of triadimenol, A and B [( 1RS,2SR)-l-(4-chlorophenoxy)-3,3-dimethyl-1-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl) butan-2-ol is referred to as diastereoisomer A; 1RS,2RS- is referred to as diastereoisomer β], are produced in different amounts by plants and fungi and the proportions may differ within the plant. Similar metabolic pathways are followed in mammals where reduction of the keto group yields triadimenol as the principal metabolite and oxidation of the butyl group gives alcohol and carboxylic acid derivatives.
DegradationTriadimefon is stable to hydrolysis with a DT50 of more than 1 year at pH 3,6 and 9 (22 °C).
On photolysis in methanol in borosilicate glass apparatus using a medium pressure mercury lamp, triadimefon undergoes cleavage of the C-1-N bond giving 1,2,4-triazole (2), 4-chlorophenyl methyl carbonate (3) and 4-chlorophenol(4) (Clark et al., 1978) (Scheme 1).
Sensitised photolysis of triadimefon irradiated by light from a highpressure mercury lamp, with a Pyrex filter to exclude wavelengths below 290 nm, in the presence of fulvic acid and humic acid gave a variety of products. In water, the products formed were 4 and a dihydroxychlorobenzene (5). Although there are some ambiguities in the report concerning the allocation of structures to the compounds obtained, these included a dihydroxybenzaldehyde (6) and 5-chlorosalicylaldehyde (7). Major products in the presence of fulvic acid were 4 and a dihydroxychlorobenzene (5). In the presence of humic acid 4,5, a dihydroxybenzaldehyde (6) and 1-phenoxy-33-dimethyl-1- ( 1H-1,2,4-triazol-l- yl) -2-butanone (8) were formed (Moza et al., 1995).

Toxicity evaluationTriadimefon inhibits the lanosterol demethylase, thereby interfering with ergosterol synthesis that is necessary for the integrity of fungal cell walls. This action confers specificity for fungi over vertebrates; however, by a similar mechanism triazoles have been reported to disrupt steroid and cholesterol metabolism in mammals. Perturbations of fatty acid, steroid, and xenobiotic metabolism pathways in liver through specific nuclear signaling pathways (constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) and pregnane X receptor (PXR)) have been suggested to contribute to the observed reproductive and hepatic toxicities. Triadimefon also both inhibits and induces specific hepatic cytochrome P-450 enzymes. A series of studies comparing triadimefon with other two conazoles (propiconazole and myclobutanil) have shown different modes of action in terms of carcinogenicity, hepatotoxicity, and developmental and reproductive toxicities.
Studies in several species have shown that neurotoxicity is the endpoint of concern with both acute and repeated exposures to triadimefon and triadimenol. Triadimefon causes accumulation of synaptic dopamine, both in vivo and in vitro. Pharmacological challenges and neurochemical studies have shown that triadimefon blocks dopamine reuptake by binding to the dopamine transporter in a manner similar to other indirect dopamine agonists, such as cocaine and d-amphetamine.
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