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| Product Name: | Ethidium bromide | | Synonyms: | 3,8-diaMino-5-ethyl-6-phenylphenanthridin-5-iuM broMide;EthidiuM broMide dropper bottle,5Ml;2,7-Diamino-10-ethyl-9-phenylphenanthridinium bromide, 1% aqueous solution;Ethidinium bromide, 3,8-Diamino-5-ethyl-6-phenylphenanthridinium bromide;EthidiuM BroMide, OMniPur(R);EthidiuM broMide, pure, 95% 1GR;EthidiuM broMide, pure, 95% 5GR;Dromilac | | CAS: | 1239-45-8 | | MF: | C21H20BrN3 | | MW: | 394.32 | | EINECS: | 214-984-6 | | Product Categories: | marker;Amines;Aromatics;Intermediates & Fine Chemicals;Pharmaceuticals;Phenanthridine;Purines | | Mol File: | 1239-45-8.mol |  |
| | Ethidium bromide Chemical Properties |
| Melting point | 260-262 °C (dec.)(lit.) | | density | 1.3739 (rough estimate) | | refractive index | 1.6700 (estimate) | | Fp | >100°C | | storage temp. | 2-8°C | | solubility | H2O: 10 mg/mL, opaque, strongly red | | form | powder | | color | Red to dark purple | | Odor | Odorless solid | | Water Solubility | 40 g/L (25 ºC) | | λmax | 518 nm, 210 nm, 285 nm, 316 nm,
343 nm, 480 nm, 525 nm | | Merck | 14,4731 | | BRN | 3642536 | | Stability: | Stable. Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents. | | Biological Applications | Nucleic acid hybridization; detecting nucleic acids,cells,cancer cells,human cytomegalovirus,hydrogenase A (hydA) of Clostridia,influenza A virus,oligonucleotides,viable Plesiomonas shigelloides; apoptosis assay; nucleic acid quantification | | Major Application | Electroluminescent displays;photoresists | | CAS DataBase Reference | 1239-45-8(CAS DataBase Reference) | | EPA Substance Registry System | Phenanthridinium, 3,8-diamino-5-ethyl-6-phenyl-, bromide (1239-45-8) |
| Hazard Codes | T,T+ | | Risk Statements | 23-68-36/37/38-26-21/22-22 | | Safety Statements | 36/37-45-36/37/39-28A-26-22-28-63 | | RIDADR | UN 2811 6.1/PG 1 | | WGK Germany | 3 | | RTECS | SF7950000 | | F | 8-9 | | HazardClass | 6.1 | | PackingGroup | I | | HS Code | 29339990 | | Hazardous Substances Data | 1239-45-8(Hazardous Substances Data) | | Toxicity | Intercalating dye widely used to stain
DNA in gels and gradients. The DNA can be visualized readily
by irradiation with ultraviolet light, as little as 0.5 μg of DNA
being detectable by such methods. Ethidium bromide is also
added to cesium chloride density gradients, since as an intercalating
molecule it binds more readily to linear DNA than to
closed collinear circles of DNA (such as plasmids). Binding of
ethidium bromide reduces the density of DNA, thus covalent
circles of DNA have higher densities at saturating concentrations
of ethidium bromide, permitting the separation of plasmid
DNA. Ethidium bromide is a putative carcinogen. |
| | Ethidium bromide Usage And Synthesis |
| description | Ethidium Bromide (EtBr), commonly used in research laboratories as a stain for the visualization of nucleic acids in electrophoresis gels, is a toxic chemical and a potent mutagen. When used in nucleic acid staining, ethidium bromide fluoresces a red-orange to pink color under ultraviolet light and with increased fluorescence when bound to double-stranded DNA. While it is not specifically regulated as a hazardous waste, the mutagenic properties may present health hazards and disposal concerns if it is not managed properly in the laboratory. | | Uses | Ethidium bromide (EtBr) is a fluorescent dye widely used in molecular biology research. Early usage was as a veterinary trypanocide. It is a mutagenic compound that intercalates double-stranded DNA and RNA. The fluorescence of EtBr increases 21-fold upon binding to double-stranded RNA, 25-fold on binding double-stranded DNA (although histones block binding of EtBr to DNA). Ethidium bromide has been used in multiple fluorimetric assays for nucleic acids. It has been shown to bind to single-stranded DNA (although not as strongly) and triple-stranded DNA. Because of the binding to DNA, EtBr is a powerful inhibitor of DNA polymerase.
Molecular Biology-grade Powder is suitable for use in gel electrophoresis and DNA isolation procedures.
Aqueous Solution (10 mg/mL) is suitable for use in gel electrophoresis and DNA isolation procedures.
Molecular Biology-grade Aqueous Solution (500 mg/mL) is suitable for use in gel electrophoresis. | | Health Hazards | EtBr is a potent mutagen (may cause genetic damage), and moderately toxic after an acute exposure. EtBr can be absorbed through skin, so it is important to avoid any direct contact with the chemical. EtBr is an irritant to the skin, eyes, mouth, and upper respiratory tract. It should be stored away from strong oxidizing agents in a cool, dry place, and the container must be kept undamaged and tightly closed. | | Chemical Properties | Purple/maroon crystalline powder | | Uses | Ethidium bromide (EtBr) is the most commonly used nucleic acid stain for PAGE or agarose gel electrophoresis. The fluorescence of EtBr increases 21-fold upon binding to double-stranded RNA and 25-fold on binding double-stranded DNA so that destaining the background is not necessary with a low stain concentration (10 μg/ml).
Ethidium bromide has been used in a number of fluorimetric assays for nucleic acids. It has been shown to bind to single-stranded DNA (although not as strongly) and triple-stranded DNA. Because of its ability to bind to DNA, EtBr is an inhibitor of DNA polymerase. Antiprotozoal (Trypanosoma). | | Uses | Intercalating agent and fluorescent label for DNA. | | Uses | antiprotozoal, intercalcates with DNA | | Definition | ChEBI: Ethidium bromide is the organic bromide salt of ethidium. It has a role as a trypanocidal drug, a geroprotector and an intercalator. It contains an ethidium. | | Health Hazard | Acute toxic effects from exposure to ethidium bromide have not been thoroughly
investigated. Ethidium bromide is irritating to the eyes, skin, mucous membranes,
and upper respiratory tract.
Although there is no evidence for the carcinogenicity or teratogenicity of this
substance in humans, ethidium bromide is strongly mutagenic and therefore should
be regarded as a possible carcinogen and reproductive toxin | | Flammability and Explosibility | Ethidium bromide does not pose a flammability hazard (NFPA rating = 1). | | Biochem/physiol Actions | Ethidium bromide intercalates double-stranded DNA and RNA and acts as a frameshift mutagen. It can also be used in conjunction with acridine orange to differentiate between viable, apoptotic and necrotic cells. | | Safety Profile | Because ethidium bromide can bind with DNA, it is highly toxic as a mutagen. It may potentially cause carcinogenic or teratogenic effects, although no scientific evidence showing either health effect has been found. Exposure routes of ethidium bromide are inhalation, ingestion, and skin absorption. An acute exposure to ethidium bromide causes irritation of the mouth, upper respiratory tract, skin, and eyes. | | storage | Because of its mutagenicity, stock solutions of this compound should be prepared in a fume hood, and protective gloves should be worn at all times while handling this substance. Operations capable of generating ethidium bromide dust or aerosols of ethidium bromide solutions should be conducted in a fume hood to prevent exposure by inhalation. | | Purification Methods | Crystallise it from MeOH or EtOH [Lamos et al. J Am Chem Soc 108 4278 1986]. Its solubility in H2O is 1%. [Beilstein 22/11 V 352.] POSSIBLE CARCINOGEN. | | Incompatibilities | No incompatibilities are known. | | Waste Disposal | Excess ethidium bromide and waste material containing this substance should be placed in an appropriate container, clearly labeled, and handled according to your institution's waste disposal guidelines. |
| | Ethidium bromide Preparation Products And Raw materials |
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