| Application in Ischemic Stroke | In the therapy of Ischemic Stroke, Alteplase is initiated within 3 hours of symptom onset has been shown to reduce the ultimate disability due to ischemic stroke. A head CT scan must be obtained to rule out hemorrhage before beginning therapy.
It is administrated 0.9 mg/kg IV (maximum 90 mg) over 1 hour in selected patients within 3 hours of onset.
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| Description | Alteplase is a recombinant single-chain tissue plasminogen activator useful in the
management of thrombosis in acute myocardial infarct. It reportedly causes no allergic
reactions but requires intravenous infusion due to a short half-life. Alteplase is the only
agent on the U.S. market indicated for the reduction of incidence of congestive heart
failure following a heart attack. |
| Originator | Genentech (USA) |
| Uses | Tissue-type plasminogen activator; fibrinolytic. |
| Brand name | Activase (Genentech);Actilyse. |
| General Description | Alteplase (Activase) is a tissue plasminogenactivator (t-PA) produced by rDNA technology. It is a single-chain glycoprotein protease consisting of 527 aminoacid residues. Native t-PA is isolated from a melanoma cellline. The single-chain molecule is susceptible to enzymaticdigestion to a two-chain molecule, in which the two chainsremain linked with a disulfide bond. Both forms of the nativet-PA are equipotent in fibrinolytic (and plasminogenactivating)properties. It is an extrinsic plasminogen activatorassociated with vascular endothelial tissue, whichpreferentially activates plasminogen bound to fibrin. Thefibrinolytic action of alteplase (t-PA) is confined to thrombi,with minimal systemic activation of plasminogen. It is producedcommercially by rDNA methods by inserting the alteplasegene (acquired from human melanoma cells) intoovarian cells of the Chinese hamster, serving as host cells.The melanoma-derived alteplase is immunologically andchemically identical with the uterine form. Alteplase is indicatedfor the intravenous management of acute myocardialinfarction. |
| Mechanism of action | As a main endogenic promoter of fibrinolysis, t-PA binds with fibrin and, like urokinase,
breaks Arg-560–Val-561 peptide bond in the fibrin-binded plasminogen molecule, thus
turning it into an active plasmin molecule that breaks apart fibrin clots. Its action is localized
in thrombotic regions, and thus the likelihood of systemic fibrinolysis originating during
its use is much lower than that which can originate while using streptokinase and
urokinase. |
| Clinical Use | Alteplase (tPA) is a serine protease with a low affinity for free plasminogen but a very high affinity
for the
plasminogen bound to fibrin in a thrombus (fibrin-specific agent). Both streptokinase
and urokinase lack this specificity (i.e., are nonspecific) and act on free plasminogen, inducing a
generalized thrombolytic state. Alteplase also has a greater specificity for older clots compared with
newer clots relative to streptokinase and urokinase. Alteplase was originally isolated from cultures
of human melanoma cells but is now produced commercially using recombinant DNA technology. |
| Side effects | Alteplase is unmodified human tPA, whereas reteplase is human tPA that has had
several specific amino acid sequences removed. At low doses, alteplase is quite selective for
degrading fibrin without concomitant lysis of other proteins, such as fibrinogen. At the higher doses
currently used therapeutically, however, alteplase activates free plasminogen to some extent and,
therefore, can cause hemorrhage. Many of the therapeutic indications for the other thrombolytic
agents also are indications for alteplase (i.e., myocardial infarction, massive pulmonary embolism,
and acute ischemic stroke). |
