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| Product Name: | PACAP38 | | Synonyms: | PITUITARY ADENYLATE CYCLASE-ACTIVATING P EPTI DE (1-27) PACAP (1-27;PITUITARY ADENYLATE CYCLASE ACTIVATING POLYPEPTIDE-3;pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide-38;PITUITARY ADENYLATE CYCLASE ACTIVATING POLYPEPTIDE 38 (OVINE, RAT);PITUITARY ADENYLATE CYCLASE-ACTIVATING PEPTIDE;TYR-LYS-GLN-ARG-VAL-LYS-ASN-LYS-NH2: YKQRVKNK-NH2;Pacap;Peptide pacap | | CAS: | 137061-48-4 | | MF: | C203H331N63O53S1 | | MW: | 4534.26 | | EINECS: | | | Product Categories: | Peptide | | Mol File: | Mol File | ![PACAP38 Structure]() |
| | PACAP38 Chemical Properties |
| RTECS | TO7345000 | | storage temp. | -20°C | | solubility | H2OPeptide Solubility and Storage Guidelines:1.??Calculate the length of the peptide.2.??Calculate the overall charge of the entire peptide according to the following table:3.??Recommended solution: | | form | White to off-white solid | | Water Solubility | Soluble to 0.90 mg/ml in water |
| | PACAP38 Usage And Synthesis |
| Gene, mRNA, and precursor | The human preproPACAP gene, ADCYAP1, location
18p11, consists of five exons. PACAP mRNA
of about 3.0 kb has been detected in the human and rat by
northern blotting analysis. Bioactive PACAP27 and
PACAP38 were generated by processing with PC1 and
PC2 from the precursor. The gene structure and its
mRNA size are well conserved among teleosts, amphibians, and mammals. | | Synthesis and release | PACAP synthesis and release are stimulated by nerve
growth factor (NGF) and cAMP inducer in nervous tissues. PACAP stimulates biosynthesis by itself, indicating
that PACAP regulates its expression level via the autocrine/paracrine system | | Receptors | PACAP and VIP share three types of GPCRs with seven
transmembrane domains: PAC1 receptor (PAC1R), and
VPAC1 and VPAC2 receptors (VPAC1R, VPAC2R).
PACAP binds to VPAC1R and VPAC2R with a similar
affinity to that of VIP, while PACAP interacts with PAC1R
with 1000 times higher affinity than VIP. PAC1R has various splicing forms that differ in the presence or absence of
two cassettes, termed HIP and HOP, in the region of the
third cytoplasmic loop (e.g., PAC1R-short, PAC1R-hop1,
PAC1R-hop2, PAC1R-hip). These cassettes contribute to
the regulation of the signal transduction pathway. | | Agonist and antagonist | Maxadilan is a specific agonist of PAC1R isolated from
the sand fly saliva, and the modification peptide M65
works as a PAC1R-specific antagonist. PACAP6–38,
missing 1–5 aa residues from the N-terminal of
PACAP38, is a potential antagonist of PAC1R and
VPAC2-R. VIP-6-28, missing 1–5 aa residues from the
N-terminal of VIP, is a potential antagonist of VPAC1-
R and VPAC2-R. | | Biological functions | PACAP has pleiotropic functions in the central nervous
system and peripheral tissues. PACAP acts as a neurotransmitter (neuromodulator), neuroprotectant, neurite
outgrowth factor, and inducer of neural stem cell differentiation into astrocytes in nervous tissues. In peripheral
tissues, PACAP acts as a bronchodilator, vasodilator,
smooth muscle relaxant, adrenergic secretagogue in the
adrenal gland, insulin secretagogue in the pancreas,
inducer of spermatogenesis in testis, and immunosuppressor. PACAP also regulates the synthesis and secretion of hormones from the pituitary gland. | | Clinical implications | PACAP may play an important role in primary headaches. The intravenous injection of PACAP induces
migraine-like attacks in migraineurs and cluster-like
attacks in cluster headache patients, and plasma concentrations of PACAP are elevated in spontaneous attacks of
cluster headache and migraines. | | Description | PACAP consists of 27 or 38 aa residues and belongs to
the secretin/glucagon superfamily. PACAP has pleiotropic
functions, acting as a neurotransmitter and neurotrophic factor in the central nervous system as well as a vasodilator,
insulin secretagogue, smooth muscle relaxant, and immunosuppressor in peripheral tissues. PACAP was first isolated in 1989 from the extract of
ovine hypothalamus on the basis of its ability to elevate
cAMP levels in rat anterior pituitary cells. | | Uses | Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide-38 has been used to test its effect in stimulating the formation of cyclic AMP hypothalamus and cerebral cortex slices of chicken and to treat glioblastoma cells (U87MG) in cell migration assay to test its anti-invasive effects. | | General Description | Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide-38 (PACAP38) is mapped to human chromosome 18. 27-residue-amidated fragment (PACAP27) comprises another isoform. The PACAP38 is major isoform associated with mammals. | | Biological Activity | Endogenous neuropeptide showing considerable homology with vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP). Potently stimulates adenylyl cyclase. | | Biochem/physiol Actions | Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide-38 (PACAP38) is a cardioprotectant and may help in treating radiation-induced heart disease (RIHD). It plays a protective role during oxidative stress in cardiomyocytes. PACAP38 has antioxidant, anti-apoptotic and anti-inflammatory property. It is implicated in the pathophysiology of migraine and cluster headache. | | storage | Store at -20°C | | Structure and conformation | PACAP38, consisting of 38 aa residues, was the first
isolated, followed by PACAP27, lacking 11 aa residues
from the C-terminal of PACAP38. The C-terminal of both
PACAPs was amidated. PACAP belongs to the secretin/
glucagon superfamily, and its closest member is the vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), which shows 68% aa
sequence identity. Human PACAPs are derived from a
176-aa residue precursor, located in the C-terminus, next
to the PACAP-related peptide (PRP) . The
PACAP precursor is cleaved by various prohormone convertases (PCs) to generate PACAP27 or PACAP38. From
the evolutionary aspect of the superfamily, the ancestral
peptide emerged about 700 million years ago, and
PACAP was established by gene duplication, exon duplication, and exon deletion. The PACAP sequence is well
conserved in vertebrates, and is perfectly conserved in
mammals. Stingray PACAP has 44 aa residues with two predicted processing sites, suggesting that
the processing site of preproPACAP shows diversity in
species. Human PACAP27, theoretical Mr 3147.6, pI 9.70;
human PACAP38, theoretical Mr 4534.3, pI 10.41.
PACAP is freely soluble in water and ethanol. PACAP
solution in water is unstable at 4°C, but is stable for a year
at -80°C at 0.1mM.
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| | PACAP38 Preparation Products And Raw materials |
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