Betahistine

Betahistine Basic information
Product Name:Betahistine
Synonyms:N-Methyl-N-(2-pyridin-2-ylethyl)amine;METHYL-(2-PYRIDIN-2-YL-ETHYL)-AMINE;BETAHISTINE;AKOS BBS-00002883;2'-(2-N-METHYLAMINO ETHYL)PYRIDINE;2-(2-METHYLAMINOETHYL)PYRIDINE;2-[B-(METHYLAMINO)ETHYL]PYRIDINE;2-(METHYLAMINOETHYL)PYRIDINE
CAS:5638-76-6
MF:C8H12N2
MW:136.19
EINECS:227-086-4
Product Categories:C7 and C8;Heterocyclic Building Blocks;Aromatics;Heterocycles;Isotope Labeled Compounds;Pyridines
Mol File:5638-76-6.mol
Betahistine Structure
Betahistine Chemical Properties
Boiling point 113-114 °C30 mm Hg(lit.)
density 0.984 g/mL at 25 °C(lit.)
vapor pressure 17.7Pa at 25℃
refractive index n20/D 1.518(lit.)
Fp 206 °F
storage temp. Keep in dark place,Inert atmosphere,Room temperature
solubility Chloroform (Slightly), DMSO (Sparingly), Ethyl Acetate (Slightly), Methanol (Slightly)
pkapKa 3.46 (Uncertain)
form Oil
color Light Yellow to Yellow
Water Solubility 1000g/L at 25℃
Merck 13,1181
LogP0.68
CAS DataBase Reference5638-76-6(CAS DataBase Reference)
EPA Substance Registry System2-Pyridineethanamine, N-methyl- (5638-76-6)
Safety Information
Hazard Codes Xi,C
Risk Statements 36/37/38
Safety Statements 26-37/39
WGK Germany 2
RTECS UT5552000
Hazard Note Corrosive
HS Code 2933399990
MSDS Information
ProviderLanguage
SigmaAldrich English
Betahistine Usage And Synthesis
DescriptionBetahistine is an analogue of histamine with weak agonist properties at histamine H1 receptors and more potent antagonistic effects at histamine H3 receptors.
This drug is broadly used worldwide, except for the USA, since it has not been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration. Betahistine is a structural analog of histamine that acts as a weak partial postsynaptic histamine H1 receptor agonist and presynaptic H3 receptor antagonist, with no effect on postsynaptic H2 receptors (Gbahou et al, 2010). The mechanism of action of the drug appears to depend mainly on its action on H3 receptors mediated by two metabolites, aminoethylpyridine and hydroxyethylpyridine (Bertich et al, 2014).
UsesBetahistine is a vasodilator, a mild H1 histamine agonist, and a potent H3 histamine antagonist. The mechanism of action in Meniere's disease is unknown, but theories include reducing the endolymphatic pressure through improved circulation in the stria vascularis or inhibiting activity in the vestibular nuclei. It has been found to be a safe drug with a very low side effect profile. Betahistine was FDA approved for Meniere's disease in the US market for a short period of time in the 1970s, but approval was then rescinded due to lack of evidence supporting its efficacy. However, based on clinical experience and several observational studies, it is still widely used elsewhere in the world.
UsesAnti - Vertigo/Anti-Nauseants/Antiemetics
IndicationsBetahistine is indicated in treatment of Meniere's disease (vertigo, hearing loss and tinnitus); it is not effective in preventing vertigo attacks.
DefinitionChEBI: Betahistine is an aminoalkylpyridine that is pyridine substituted by a 2-(methylamino)ethyl group at position 2. It acts as a histamine agonist and a vasodilator, and is thought to improve the microcirculation of the labyrinth, resulting in reduced endolymphatic pressure. It is used (generally as the hydrochloride or mesylate salt) to reduce the symptoms of vertigo, tinnitus, and hearing loss associated with Meniere's disease. It has a role as a vasodilator agent and a H1-receptor agonist. It is an aminoalkylpyridine and a secondary amino compound.
Brand nameSerc (Unimed).
Mechanism of actionThe precise mechanism of betahistine's actions is unclear; it has antagonistic actions on histamine H3 receptors, and is a weak agonist at H receptors. In animal studies, it inhibits generation of spikes in vestibular nuclei. Its vasodilator activity (similar to histamine's) presumably improves blood flow in the inner ear and brainstem.
PharmacokineticsAfter oral administration, betahistine is rapidly and completely absorbed, rapidly metabolised (to one major metabolite, 2-pyridylacetic acid) and 90% excreted within 24 hours. Plasma and urinary half-lives are about 3.5 hours.
Side effectsCommon adverse reactions include headache, nausea and dyspepsia. More rarely, hypersensitivity reactions (rash, pruritis, bronchospasm) and hypotension may occur.
Drug interactionsCo-administration of betahistine and monoamine oxidase inhibitors type B reduces metabolism of betahistine. Theoretically, interactions might occur with concurrent antihistamines; however, no significant problems have been reported.
Dosage formsBetahistine is provided as scored tablets, 16 mg. Dose is 8-16 mg taken three times daily. It should be taken with food to minimise risk of GIT upsets. Patients are warned that it may take several weeks for beneficial effects to be noticed.
PrecautionsBetahistine should be used with caution in individuals with asthma, urticaria, phaeochromocytoma or hypersensitivity to any components of tablets. Betahistine is contraindicated in people with active or history of peptic ulcer. Betahistine is classified in Pregnancy Safety Category B2: insufficient data available; it is contraindicated in pregnancy and lactation, and in children under 18.
Eperisone Nimodipine Betahistine Impurity 2 TriHCl BETANIN CYTIDINE 5'-DIPHOSPHOCHOLINE Betahistine Impurity 3 Betaine hydrochloride Betahistine mesylate 3-(2-METHYLAMINOETHYL)PYRIDINE 2-(BETA-METHYLAMINOETHYL)PYRIDINE DIHYDROCHLORIDE

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