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| | Sucrose Basic information | | Uses |
| | Sucrose Chemical Properties |
| Melting point | 185-187 °C (lit.) | | alpha | 67 º (c=26, in water 25 ºC) | | Boiling point | 397.76°C (rough estimate) | | density | 1.5805 | | refractive index | 66.5 ° (C=26, H2O) | | Fp | 93.3°C | | storage temp. | Inert atmosphere,Room Temperature | | solubility | H2O: 500 mg/mL | | form | Liquid | | pka | 12.7(at 25℃) | | color | White | | Odor | Odorless | | PH | 5.0-7.0 (25℃, 1M in H2O) | | PH Range | 5.5 - 7 at 342 g/l at 25 °C | | optical activity | [α]25/D +66.3 to +66.8°(lit.) | | Water Solubility | 1970 g/L (15 ºC) | | λmax | λ: 260 nm Amax: 0.11
λ: 280 nm Amax: 0.08 | | Merck | 14,8881 | | BRN | 90825 | | Exposure limits | ACGIH: TWA 10 mg/m3
OSHA: TWA 15 mg/m3; TWA 5 mg/m3
NIOSH: TWA 10 mg/m3; TWA 5 mg/m3 | | Stability: | Stable. Combustible. Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents. Hydrolyzed by dilute acids and by invertase. | | InChIKey | CZMRCDWAGMRECN-UGDNZRGBSA-N | | LogP | -4.492 (est) | | CAS DataBase Reference | 57-50-1(CAS DataBase Reference) | | NIST Chemistry Reference | Sucrose(57-50-1) | | EPA Substance Registry System | Sucrose (57-50-1) |
| | Sucrose Usage And Synthesis |
| Uses | Sucrose (C12H22O11) is one of many forms of sugars (carbohydrates) that are important
organic compounds for maintaining life. | | Chemical Properties | White or almost white, crystalline powder, or lustrous, colourless or white or almost white crystals. | | Chemical Properties | Sucrose is a sugar obtained from sugar cane (Saccharum
officinarum Linne' (Fam. Gramineae)), sugar beet (Beta vulgaris
Linne' (Fam. Chenopodiaceae)), and other sources. It contains no
added substances. Sucrose occurs as colorless crystals, as crystalline
masses or blocks, or as a white crystalline powder; it is odorless and
has a sweet taste. | | History | Sucrose is the white granulated compound referred to as sugar. Sucrose is a disaccharide made of glucose and fructose. The main sources of sucrose for the production of commercial sugar are sugarcane and sugar beets. Sugarcane is a tall perennial grass of the genus Saccharum native to Southeast Asia and the South Pacifi c. It has been consumed by chewing the stalk in areas where it grows for thousands of years. Sugarcane spread to India where it was processed to extract crude sugar as early as 2,500 years ago. Persian invaders discovered sugar after invading India and the plant and sugar production spread into the Middle East around 600 c.e. Europeans were introduced to sugar around 1100 c.e. when the first crusaders returned with knowledge of the sweet spice and the Arab Empire spread into Spain.
The use of sugar beet to obtain sugar began when the German chemist Andreas Sigismund Marggraf (1709 1782) extracted sucrose from sugar beets using alcohol. The amount of sucrose obtained by Marggraf did not warrant commercial use of beets as a sucrose source. During the late 18th century, Franz Karl Archard (1753 1821), a student of Marggraf, selectively bred beets to increase the sucrose content to 5 6% and developed a commercial method to extract sucrose.
Sucrose is predominantly associated with the food industry, but it does have industrial uses in other areas. Sucrose fatty acid esters are a mixture of mono, di, and tri esters of sucrose with fatty acids. Th ese are use in cosmetics, shampoos, resins, inks, paper processing, and pesticides. Sucrose benzoate is used as an emulsifi er and in nail polishes. Sucrose has also been used in making glues and treating leather. | | Uses | Saccharum is the Latin word for sugar and the derived term saccharide
is the basis of a system of carbohydrate classification. The simplest
sugars belong to the carbohydrate class, monosaccharide; they include
fructose and glucose.
Hydrolysis of sucrose yields D-glucose and D-fructose; the process is
called inversion and the sugar mixture produced is known as invert
sugar because, although sucrose itself rotates plane-polarized light to the
right, the mixture inverts this light by rotating to the left.
The carbohydrate class, polysaccharide, represents compounds in
which the molecules contain many units of monosaccharides joined
together by glycoside links. Upon complete hydrolysis, a polysaccharide
yields monosaccharides. Starch is the most valuable polysaccharide.
The starch molecules (amylose and anylopectin) are tree-like, containing
250 to 1000 or more glucose units per molecule joined together
through alpha linkages.
In commercial usage, the term sugar usually refers to sucrose. Sucrose
is a disaccharide sugar that occurs naturally in every fruit and vegetable.
It is a major product of photosynthesis, the process by which
plants transform the energy of the sun into food. Sugar occurs in greatest
quantities in sugarcane and sugar beets from which it is separated
for commercial use. | | Uses | sucrose (table sugar) is an emollient, mild emulsifier, and humectant. It can be used in place of glycerin. | | Uses | Sucrose is a sweetener that is the disaccharide sucrose, consisting of one molecule of glucose and one molecule of fructose. It is obtained as cane or beet sugar. It has relatively constant solubility and is a universal sweetener because of its intense sweetness and solubility. It is available in various forms which include granulated, brown, and powdered. It is used in desserts, beverages, cakes, ice cream, icings, cereals, and baked goods. It is also termed beet sugar, cane sugar, and saccharose. | | Uses | Yuanzhen sugar is a polysaccharide polymer, containing a certain amount of fructooligosaccharides. | | Uses | Sweetening agent and food. Starting material in the fermentative production of ethanol, butanol, glycerol, citric and levulinic acids. Used in pharmaceuticals as a flavor, as a preservative, as an antioxidant (in the form of invert sugar), as a demulcent, as substitute for glycerol, as granulation agent and excipient for tablets, as coating for tablets. In the plastics and cellulose industry, in rigid polyurethane foams, manufacture of ink and of transparent soaps. | | Definition | ChEBI: Sucrose is a disaccharide formed by glucose and fructose units joined by an acetal oxygen bridge from hemiacetal of glucose to the hemiketal of the fructose. | | Production Methods | Sucrose is obtained from the sugar cane plant, which contains
15–20% sucrose, and sugar beet, which contains 10–17% sucrose.
Juice from these sources is heated to coagulate water-soluble
proteins, which are removed by skimming. The resultant solution is
then decolorized with an ion-exchange resin or charcoal and
concentrated. Upon cooling, sucrose crystallizes out. The remaining
solution is concentrated again and yields more sucrose, brown
sugar, and molasses. | | Definition | saccharose: A sugar comprising onemolecule of glucose linked to a fructosemolecule. It occurs widely inplants and is particularly abundant insugar cane and sugar beet (15–20%),from which it is extracted andrefied for table sugar. If heated to200°C, sucrose becomes caramel. | | General Description | White odorless crystalline or powdery solid. Denser than water. | | Air & Water Reactions | Water soluble. Sugar dust explosion is possibility. | | Reactivity Profile | D(+)-Sucrose is a reducing agent. Can react explosively with oxidizing agents such as chlorates and perchlorates. Is hydrolyzed by dilute acids and by invertase (a yeast enzyme) . Chars rapidly and exothermically when mixed with concentrated sulfuric acid. | | Hazard | Dental erosion. Questionable carcinogen. | | Health Hazard | None | | Agricultural Uses | is obtained from sugar beet, sugar cane and sweet
sorghum. Table sugar is the most common form of
sucrose. It comprises a glucose unit joined to a fructose
unit. Honey consists of sucrose and its hydrolysis
products.
Sucrose, glucose and fructose all exhibit optical
activity. When sucrose is hydrolyzed, the rotation
changes from right to left. This is called inversion, and an
equimolar mixture of glucose and fructose is called invert
sugar. The enzyme invertase hydrolyzes sucrose to
glucose and fructose.
Sugar occurs universally throughout the plant
kingdom in fruits, seeds, flowers and roots. | | Pharmaceutical Applications | Sucrose is widely used in oral pharmaceutical formulations.
Sucrose syrup, containing 50–67% w/w sucrose, is used in
tableting as a binding agent for wet granulation. In the powdered
form, sucrose serves as a dry binder (2–20% w/w) or as a bulking
agent and sweetener in chewable tablets and lozenges. Tablets
that contain large amounts of sucrose may harden to give poor
disintegration.
Sucrose syrups are used as tablet-coating agents at concentrations
between 50% and 67% w/w. With higher concentrations,
partial inversion of sucrose occurs, which makes sugar coating
difficult.
Sucrose syrups are also widely used as vehicles in oral liquiddosage
forms to enhance palatability or to increase viscosity.(4,5)
Sucrose has been used as a diluent in freeze-dried protein
products.
Sucrose is also widely used in foods and confectionery, and
therapeutically in sugar pastes that are used to promote wound
healing. | | Safety Profile | Mildly toxic by ingestion. An experimental teratogen. Mutation data reported. Vigorous reaction with nitric acid or sulfuric acid (forms carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide). When heated to decomposition it emits acrid smoke and irritating fumes. | | Safety | Sucrose is hydrolyzed in the small intestine by the enzyme sucrase to
yield dextrose and fructose, which are then absorbed. When
administered intravenously, sucrose is excreted unchanged in the
urine.
Although sucrose is very widely used in foods and pharmaceutical
formulations, sucrose consumption is a cause of concern and
should be monitored in patients with diabetes mellitus or other
metabolic sugar intolerance.
Sucrose is also considered to be more cariogenic than other
carbohydrates since it is more easily converted to dental plaque. For
this reason, its use in oral pharmaceutical formulations is declining.
Although sucrose has been associated with obesity, renal
damage, and a number of other diseases, conclusive evidence
linking sucrose intake with some diseases could not be established.(
13,14) It was, however, recommended that sucrose intake in
the diet should be reduced.
LD50 (mouse, IP): 14 g/kg
LD50 (rat, oral): 29.7 g/kg | | storage | Sucrose has good stability at room temperature and at moderate
relative humidity. It absorbs up to 1% moisture, which is released
upon heating at 90°C. Sucrose caramelizes when heated to
temperatures above 160°C. Dilute sucrose solutions are liable to
fermentation by microorganisms but resist decomposition at higher
concentrations, e.g. above 60% w/w concentration. Aqueous
solutions may be sterilized by autoclaving or filtration.
When sucrose is used as a base for medicated confectionery, the
cooking process, at temperatures rising from 110 to 145℃, causes
some inversion to form dextrose and fructose (invert sugar). The
fructose imparts stickiness to confectionery but prevents cloudiness
due to graining. Inversion is accelerated particularly at temperatures
above 130°C and by the presence of acids. | | Purification Methods | Crystallise D(+)-sucrose from water (solubility: 1g in 0.5mL H2O at 20o, 1g in 0.2mL in boiling H2O). It is soluble in EtOH (0.6%) and MeOH (1%). Sucrose diacetate hexaisobutyrate is purified by melting and, while molten, treated with NaHCO3 and charcoal, then filtered. [Beilstein 17/8 V 399.] | | Incompatibilities | Powdered sucrose may be contaminated with traces of heavy
metals, which can lead to incompatibility with active ingredients,
e.g. ascorbic acid. Sucrose may also be contaminated with sulfite
from the refining process. With high sulfite content, color changes
can occur in sugar-coated tablets; for certain colors used in sugarcoating
the maximum limit for sulfite content, calculated as sulfur, is
1 ppm. In the presence of dilute or concentrated acids, sucrose is
hydrolyzed or inverted to dextrose and fructose (invert sugar).
Sucrose may attack aluminum closures. | | Regulatory Status | GRAS listed. Included in the FDA Inactive Ingredients Database
(injections; oral capsules, solutions, syrups, and tablets; topical
preparations). Included in nonparenteral and parenteral medicines
licensed in the UK. Included in the Canadian List of Acceptable
Non-medicinal Ingredients. |
| | Sucrose Preparation Products And Raw materials |
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