| | Lubricant base Basic information |
| Product Name: | Lubricant base | | Synonyms: | Base oil for lubricating oil;Lubricant base;COALLIQUID;MINERAL-BASEDCRANKCASEOIL;NORTHSEACRUDEOIL;COALLIQUEFACTIONPRODUCT;COALLIQUIDS;PETROLEUMOILS | | CAS: | 8002-05-9 | | MF: | | | MW: | 0 | | EINECS: | 232-298-5 | | Product Categories: | UVCBs-organic | | Mol File: | Mol File | ![Lubricant base Structure]() |
| | Lubricant base Chemical Properties |
| Hazard Codes | T | | Risk Statements | 45 | | Safety Statements | 53-45 | | RIDADR | 1267 | | HazardClass | 3.2 | | PackingGroup | III | | Toxicity | skn-rbt 500 mg/24H MOD JACTDZ5(3),225,86 | | IDLA | 1,100 ppm [10% LEL] |
| | Lubricant base Usage And Synthesis |
| Description | Crude oil is a complex mixture of chemicals. The relative
composition of these chemicals is different in crude oil from
different sources. However, the overall composition remains
fairly consistent between sources. The chemical classes present
in crude oil include paraffinic hydrocarbons, long-chain
straight or branched carbon-based chemicals and naphthenic
hydrocarbons, multiple-ringed carbon-based chemicals. Crude
oil contains more than 30 parent polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
(PAHs). The United States Environmental Protection
Agency has designated 16 of them as priority pollutants and
classified 7 of them as probable human carcinogens. Low
percentages of sulfur, nitrogen, and oxygen compounds, and
trace quantities of many other elements such as metals
(cadmium, mercury, lead, vanadium, nickel) are also present.
The petroleum crude category contains only CAS Number
8002059 to identify all conventional crude oils and those
derived from tar sands, regardless of source or hydrocarbon
distribution.
Regulatory agencies have classified crude oil into categories
(summarized in Table 1) that are useful to help understand
how the oil will behave if released into the environment.
However, weather conditions and water temperature greatly
influence the behavior of oil in the environment and a Class B
oil may become a Class C oil as volatiles evaporate, whereas
a Class C oil may solidify and resemble a Class D oil at low
temperatures (e.g., upon going deeper in the sea). | | Chemical Properties | Rubber solvent is a clear, colorless, and flammable liquid,
somewhat less volatile than petroleum ether. | | Uses | Rubber solvent is used as a solvent in the manufacture of
adhesives, brake linings, rubber cements, tires, intaglio inks,
paints, and lacquers, and in degreasing operations. | | Uses | The world production of crude oil per year is of the order of 3–4
billion tons per year, of which about half is transported by sea.
The separation of the components of crude oil into useable
products is known as refining. Each of the crude oil fractions
finds its way into consumer products. A typical list of fractions
is gasoline, kerosene and fuel oil, gas oil, wax distillate, and
bottoms or asphaltics. Refineries must be designed to handle
the type of crude oil they are going to process. For example, if
a crude oil is highly paraffinic in nature, it will yield a lower
amount of gasoline fuel by distillation. Highly paraffinic oils
may be processed into lubricating stock. The chemical fraction
consisting of chemicals with the largest carbon numbers, the
asphaltic fraction, is used as roof or road tar. | | Definition | Lubricant base is a complex combination of hydrocarbons. It consists predominantly of aliphatic, alicyclic and aromatic hydrocarbons. It may also contain small amounts of nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur compounds. This category encompasses light, medium, and heavy petroleums, as well as the oils extracted from tar sands. Hydrocarbonaceous materials requiring major chemical changes for their recovery or conversion to petroleum refinery feedstocks such as crude shale oils, upgraded shale oils and liquid coal fuels are not included in this definition. | | General Description | Colorless liquid with a gasoline- or kerosene-like odor. A mixture of paraffins (C5 to C13). May contain a small amount of aromatic hydrocarbons. Flash point ranges from -40° F to -86° F
Petroleum oils comprise a mixture of hydrocarbons including the liquid paraffin series,CsH12 toCI6H34, the cycloparaffin or naphthene series, C17H36 to C27H56, and the gases,CH4 to C4H10. Petroleum is a heavy, flammable oil that is formed by the decomposition of animal and plant remains by fermentation or bacterial action in a low-temperature, high pressure reaction. Crude oil maybe designated as "sour" if it contains sulfur compounds. Petroleum is used mainly in the production of fuels and lubricants, but also provides raw materials for a wide range of chemicals called petrochemicals.
| | Air & Water Reactions | Highly flammable. Insoluble in water. | | Reactivity Profile | Saturated aliphatic hydrocarbons, which are contained in Lubricant base, may be incompatible with strong oxidizing agents like nitric acid. Charring of the hydrocarbon may occur followed by ignition of unreacted hydrocarbon and other nearby combustibles. In other settings, aliphatic saturated hydrocarbons are mostly unreactive. They are not affected by aqueous solutions of acids, alkalis, most oxidizing agents, and most reducing agents. When heated sufficiently or when ignited in the presence of air, oxygen or strong oxidizing agents, they burn exothermically to produce carbon dioxide and water. May be ignited by strong oxidizers. | | Health Hazard | Vapor irritates respiratory tract, causes coughing and mild depression. Aspiration causes severe lung irritation with coughing, gagging, and rapidly developing pulmonary edema. Ingestion irritates mouth and stomach, causes nausea, vomiting, swelling of abdomen, cardiac arrhythmias. | | Safety Profile | Questionable carcinogen with experimental carcinogenic, neoplastigenic, and tumorigenic data by skin contact. A dangerous fire hazard when exposed to heat, flame, or powerful oxicllzers. To fight fire, use foam, CO2, dry chemical. When heated to decomposition it emits acrid smoke and irritating fumes. See I also MINERAL OIL. | | Environmental Fate | A small fraction of the petroleum products is released to land,
either accidentally or intentionally. Release of refined oils,
particularly gasoline, from leaking underground storage
tanks is the most widely recognized source of petroleum
contamination of soils and groundwater. In contrast, over 2
million tons of oil per year enter the marine environment
from all sources. Anthropogenic sources (~85%) include
chronic discharges (storage facilities, refineries, tankers),
accidental oil spills and to a lesser extent, river-borne
discharges, and diffuse discharges (industry, offshore oil
platforms, atmosphere). The main source of chronic
discharges offshore is produced water, the maximum
permitted concentration of crude oil in discharged produced
water being 30 mg l-1.
Following release to the environment, petroleum products
may accumulate in soils and sediments where they undergo
dispersal and weathering (changes in physical and chemical
properties). Crude oil spilled on water also undergoes
weathering.
Weathering affects the composition and toxicity of the
hydrocarbon mixtures, occurs by abiotic (volatilization and
oxidation) and biotic processes (including biodegradation),
and begins immediately after crude oil is released into the
environment. Its chemical-specific properties will determine
how an individual compound of crude oil fares during
weathering. Small volatile compounds are lost first from both
land and water releases whereas large paraffinic compounds are
more persistent and asphaltic compounds are the residual
material. Heavy fractions with high density may adsorb to
suspended solids and sink into the sediment. This happens
after the initial removal of the smaller and more volatile
chemicals by either dissolution or volatilization. Persistence
depends on the type of oil, the season, the geomorphology of
the coast and the degree of exposure, and goes from some few
to many decades. After 20 years, most of the oil spilled by
Exxon Valdez was eliminated due to natural weathering
although some subsurface oil residues, sequestered and slowly
affected by natural weathering, remained.
Although controversial due to the well-known side effects
and toxicity, the judicious and proper application of chemical
dispersants may accelerate the dispersion of crude oil from the
sea surface into the water column, which in turn helps to
accelerate its dilution, weathering, and biodegradation.
Biodegradation is a major process that removes hydrocarbons
released into both soil and aquatic environments.
However, the biodegradation of crude oil is only efficient when
crude oil concentrations are low. It may last for decades and
requires the simultaneous action of different microbial populations,
including fungi and bacteria. Biodegradation rates for
crude oils will vary considerably, but in standard 28-day
studies, none would be expected to be readily biodegradable.
Most of the nonvolatile constituents of crude oil are inherently
biodegradable but some of the highest molecular weight
components are persistent in water. n-Alkanes are utilized as
food by many marine microbes and readily biodegraded in
seawater. Branched-chain or iso-alkanes are less biodegradable
but they do ultimately biodegrade. Cycloalkanes and aromatic
hydrocarbons are resistant to biodegradation, but a few
microorganisms are able to utilize them. High molecular
weight compounds, the tars and asphaltenes are practically
reluctant to ultimate biodegradation and persist in the environment.
In soils, 25% total PAHs of spilled crude oil can be
naturally removed by soil microorganisms within a period of 9
months under optimal conditions, but the time needed to
eliminate the remaining PAHs may also extend to decades.
Biodegradation can be enhanced by the presence or earthworms
and other soil invertebrates that contribute to optimize
microbial habitats and by artificially adding nutrients to stimulate
microbial action. | | Toxicity evaluation | The concern for both dermal and inhalation exposures is the site
of contact and effects on that tissue. The mechanism of crude oil
toxicity is mediated through its irritant effects which after sufficient
exposure duration and concentration result in tissue
hyperplasia. Chronic hyperplasia leads to subsequent loss of
tissue integrity and damage and in someanimalmodels of cancer.
It has been suggested that at exposures below levels that cause
chronic irritation, other long-termeffects would not be expected.
Although studies on the mechanisms of toxicity of crude
oils are relatively few, there is a substantial body of data on
products derived from crude oils, such as gasoline, diesel fuels,
kerosene and jet fuels, lubricating oils, and white oils. Extrapolation
from these studies provides insight into biologically
active components of crude oils. Crude oil contains many
chemicals considered toxic and the effects of these individual
chemicals should be evaluated if exposure is possible.
Although polar- and nonpolar compounds contribute to the
toxicity of (weathered) crude oil, the water-soluble fraction
(WSF) is dominated by polar compounds, which accounts for
a large portion of the toxicity.
Crude oil toxicity can vary depending on environmental
factors. For instance, exposure of crude oil to sunlight enhances
the toxicity of its WSF because this contains some hydrocarbon
compounds that are phototoxic or exhibit at least photoenhanced
toxicity. |
| | Lubricant base Preparation Products And Raw materials |
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