| | Dichlorodifluoromethane Basic information |
| | Dichlorodifluoromethane Chemical Properties |
| Melting point | -158°C | | Boiling point | -29.79°C | | density | 1.329 | | vapor pressure | 4,306 at 20 °C (McConnell et al., 1975) | | refractive index | 1.2850 | | Fp | 11 °C | | storage temp. | -20°C | | solubility | Soluble in acetic acid, acetone, chloroform, ether (Weast, 1986), and ethanol (ITII, 1986) | | form | buffered aqueous glycerol solution | | color | Colorless gas with an ethereal odor | | Water Solubility | Insoluble. 0.028 g/100 mL | | Henry's Law Constant | 1.72, 2.63, and 3.91 at 10, 20, and 30 °C, respectively (Munz and Roberts, 1987) | | Exposure limits | NIOSH REL: TWA 1,000 ppm (4,950 mg/m3), IDLH 15,000 ppm; OSHA PEL:
TWA 1,000 ppm; ACGIH TLV: TWA 1,000 ppm (adopted). | | Stability: | Stable. Non-flammable. May react violently with aluminium. | | InChIKey | PXBRQCKWGAHEHS-UHFFFAOYSA-N | | LogP | 2.160 | | CAS DataBase Reference | 75-71-8(CAS DataBase Reference) | | NIST Chemistry Reference | Dichlorodifluoromethane(75-71-8) | | EPA Substance Registry System | CFC-12 (75-71-8) |
| | Dichlorodifluoromethane Usage And Synthesis |
| Description | Dichlorodifluoromethane is known as CFC-12, also called R-12, or Freon-12. R-12 is a general name for Refrigerant-12. Freon is a trade name for DuPont. CFC stands for chlorofl uorocarbons, which are nontoxic, nonfl ammable, synthetic chemicals containing atoms of carbon, chlorine, and fluorine.CFC use climbed steadily worldwide as it was incorporated in refrigeration and air conditioning, as well as being used as propellants, blowing agents, and solvents.
dichlorodifluoromethane structure
| | Chemical Properties | Dichlorodifluoromethane is a liquefied gas and exists as a liquid at room temperature when contained under its own vapor pressure, or as a gas when exposed to room temperature and atmospheric pressure. The liquid is practically odorless and colorless. The gas in high concentrations has a faint etherlike odor. Dichlorodifluoromethane is noncorrosive, nonirritating, and nonflammable. Ethereal odor at .20% by volume. Shipped as a compressed gas.
Dichlorotetrafluoroethane is a colorless, nonflammable liquefied gas with a faint, ethereal odor.
Trichloromonofluoromethane is a clear, volatile liquid at room temperature and atmospheric pressure. It has a characteristic carbon tetrachloride-like odor and is nonirritating and nonflammable.
| | History | CFCs were developed in the 1930s as coolants for refrigerator, freezer,
and motor vehicle air conditioners.they subsequently found use as metal cleaners, degreasers,
propellants, solvents, and blowing agents in the production of foams. CFCs have received
widespread environmental attention because of their potential to deplete stratospheric ozone. | | Uses | Refrigerant; aerosol propellant; plastics;
blowing agent | | Uses | Refrigerant, aerosol propellant.
Dichlorodifluoromethane is used as a refrigerant gas in refrigerators and air conditioners.
Dichlorodifluoromethane is also used in aerosol sprays, in plastics, and as an aid in detecting leaks.
Dichlorodifluoromethane harms the ozone layer, which protects the earth from the sun’s ultraviolet radiation.
| | Uses | Anti-GPR17 has been used in immunohistochemistry. | | Production Methods | The basic chemistry on producing fluorinated organic compounds was discovered at the end of the 19th century.the Belgian chemist Frédéric Swarts (1866 1940) had produced CFC compounds in the 1890s. Swarts discovered that pentavalent antimony catalyzed the fluorination of chlorinated organic compounds. The synthesis of fl uorocarbon refrigerants was announced in April 1930. the Freon name was filed for in 1931 by DuPont and registered in 1932. Closely related compounds were introduced over the next several years: CFC-11 (1932), CFC- 114 (1933), and CFC-113 (1934). | | Production Methods | Dichlorodifluoromethane is prepared by the reaction of hydrogen
fluoride with carbon tetrachloride in the presence of a suitable
catalyst, such as polyvalent antimony. The dichlorodifluoromethane
formed is further purified to remove all traces of water
and hydrochloric acid as well as traces of the starting and
intermediate materials.
Trichloromonofluoromethane is also obtained by this process.
Dichlorotetrafluoroethane is prepared by the reaction of
hydrogen fluoride with chlorine and perchloroethylene in the
presence of a suitable catalyst such as polyvalent antimony. | | General Description | A colorless gas having a faint ethereal odor. Shipped as a liquid confined under its own vapor pressure. Contact with the unconfined liquid can cause frostbite. Both components are noncombustible. Can asphyxiate by the displacement of air. Exposure of the closed container to prolonged heat or fire can cause Dichlorodifluoromethane to rupture violently and rocket. | | Air & Water Reactions | The liquefied gas poured into water can be violently explosive. This is due to the phase transition from superheated liquid to vapor. | | Reactivity Profile | The reaction of aluminum with various halogenated hydrocarbons produces a self-sustaining reaction with sufficient heat to melt aluminum pieces, examples of other halogenated hydrocarbons are fluorotrichloromethane, Dichlorodifluoromethane, chlorodifluoromethane, tetrafluoromethane. The vigor of the reaction appears to be dependent on the combined degree of fluorination and the vapor pressure, [Chem. Eng. News 39(27):44(1961)]. | | Health Hazard | INHALATION: some narcosis when 10% in air is breathed. | | Pharmaceutical Applications | Dichlorodifluoromethane, dichlorotetrafluoroethane, and trichloromonofluoromethane
are chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) aerosol propellants
used in pharmaceutical formulations. They are no longer
used in metered-dose inhaler (MDI) formulations, with few
exceptions for existing MDIs.
Dichlorodifluoromethane is used as an aerosol propellant in
MDIs, either as the sole propellant or in combination with
dichlorotetrafluoroethane, trichloromonofluoromethane, or mixtures
of these chlorofluorocarbons. Dichlorodifluoromethane may
also be used as a propellant in an aerosolized sterile talc used for
intrapleural administration and is also used alone in some MDIs
containing a steroid.
Dichlorotetrafluoroethane is used in combination with dichlorodifluoromethane,
and in several cases with dichlorodifluoromethane
and trichloromonofluoromethane, as the propellant in
metered-dose oral and nasal aerosols.
Trichloromonofluoromethane is used in combination with
dichlorodifluoromethane as the propellant in metered-dose inhaler
aerosols. It is also used in combination with dichlorotetrafluoroethane
and dichlorodifluoromethane.
These three propellants have been blended to obtain suitable
solubility characteristics for MDIs when formulated as solutions.
They will produce suitable vapor pressures so that optimum
particle-size distribution as well as suitable respiratory fractions
may be achieved.
Blends of trichloromonofluoromethane and dichlorodifluoromethane
(propellant 11/12) or propellant 11/114/12 produce vapor
pressures of 103–484 kPa (15–70 psig) at 258℃, which adequately
cover the range of pressures required to produce the proper particlesize
distribution for satisfactory aerosol products. Trichloromonofluoromethane
is unique among the chlorofluorocarbon propellants
in that it is a liquid at room temperature and atmospheric pressure,
and can be used to prepare a slurry with insoluble medicinal agents. | | Biochem/physiol Actions | GPR17 acts as a reliable marker to identify an intermediate phase of OPC (oligodendrocyte precursor cells) differentiation. It plays a valuable role in remyelination after brain tissue damage. It also plays a complicated role in the modulation of oligodendrocyte maturation. Hence it is considered as an important regulator of oligodendrogenesis. | | Safety Profile | Dichlorodifluoromethane is a colorless, non-flammable gas that can affect you when breathed in. Acute (short-term) exposure to dichlorodifluoromethane can cause dizziness, lightheadedness, and trouble with concentration. Exposure to high concentrations of the gas can cause the heart to beat irregularly or to stop. The health effects of chronic (long-term) exposure to dichlorodifluoromethane are unknown at this time. There is no evidence of an increase in cancer risk due to exposure to dichlorodifluoromethane.
| | Safety | Dichlorodifluoromethane, dichlorotetrafluoroethane, and trichloromonofluoromethane
have been used for over 50 years as
propellants in topical, oral, and nasal aerosol formulations, and
are generally regarded as nontoxic and nonirritant materials when
used as directed.
The propellants used for metered-dose inhalant aerosol products
generally vaporize quickly and most of the vapors escape and are
not inhaled. However, a small amount of the propellant may be
inhaled with the active ingredient and be carried to the respiratory
system. These amounts of propellant do not present a toxicological
problem and are quickly cleared from the lungs. Deliberate
inhalation of excessive quantities of fluorocarbon propellant may
result in death, and the following ‘warning’ statements must appear
on the label of all aerosols:
WARNING: Avoid inhalation. Keep away from eyes or other
mucous membranes.
(Aerosols designed specifically for oral inhalation need not contain
this statement).
WARNING: Do not inhale directly; deliberate inhalation of
contents can cause death.
or
WARNING: Use only as directed; intentional misuse by deliberately
concentrating and inhaling the contents can be harmful
or fatal.
Additionally, the label should contain the following information:
WARNING: Contents under pressure. Do not puncture or
incinerate container. Do not expose to heat or store at room
temperature above 120°F (498℃). Keep out of the reach of
children.
In the USA, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) additionally
requires the following information on all aerosols containing
chlorofluorocarbons as the propellant:
WARNING: Contains a chlorofluorocarbon that may harm the
public health and environment by reducing ozone in the upper
atmosphere. | | Potential Exposure | Dichlorodifluoromethane is used as an
aerosol propellant, refrigerant and foaming agent | | Carcinogenicity | There was no evidence of carcinogenicity
when groups of 50 male and 50 female rats were
given oral doses of 15 or 150 mg/kg of CFC 12 daily for
2 years. As described above, there was no evidence
of carcinogenicity when groups of 90 male and 90 female
rats and of 60 male and 60 female mice were exposed by
inhalation to levels of 1000 and 5000 ppm, 4 h/day, 5 days/
week. | | Environmental fate | Surface Water. Estimated half-lives of dichlorodifluoromethane from an experimental marine
mesocosm during the spring (8–16 °C) and winter (3–7 °C) were 20 and 13 d, respectively
(Wakeham et al., 1983). | | storage | Chlorofluorocarbon propellants are nonreactive and stable at
temperatures up to 5508℃. The liquefied gas is stable when used
as a propellant and should be stored in a metal cylinder in a cool,
dry place. | | Shipping | UN1028 Dichlorodifluoromethane or Refrigerant
gas R-12, Hazard class: 2.2; Labels: 2.2-Nonflammable
compressed gas. Cylinders must be transported in a secure
upright position, in a well-ventilated truck. Protect
cylinder and labels from physical damage. The owner of
the compressed gas cylinder is the only entity allowed by
federal law (49CFR) to transport and refill them. It is
a violation of transportation regulations to refill compressed gas cylinders without the express written permission of the owner | | Purification Methods | Pass the gas through saturated aqueous KOH then conc H2SO4, and a tower packed with activated copper on Kielselguhr at 200o removed CO2 and O2. A trap cooled to -29o removed a trace of high boiling material. It is a non-flammable propellant. | | Incompatibilities | The presence of greater than 5% water in solutions that contain
trichloromonofluoromethane may lead to hydrolysis of the
propellant and the formation of traces of hydrochloric acid, which
may be irritant to the skin or cause corrosion of metallic canisters.
Trichloromonofluoromethane may also react with aluminum, in the
presence of ethanol, to cause corrosion within a cylinder with the
formation of hydrogen gas. Similarly, alcohols in the presence of
trace amounts of oxygen, peroxides, or other free-radical catalysts
may react with trichloromonofluoromethane to form trace quantities
of hydrochloric acid.
Both dichlorodifluoromethane and dichlorotetrafluoroethane
are compatible with most ingredients used in pharmaceutical
aerosols. Because of their poor miscibility with water, most MDIs
are formulated as suspensions. However, solution MDIs can be
prepared through the use of ethanol as a cosolvent for water and
propellant, resulting in a clear solution (provided the water content
is less than 5%). | | Waste Disposal | Return refillable compressed
gas cylinders to supplier. Incineration, preferably after
mixing with another combustible fuel. Care must be
exercised to assure complete combustion to prevent the
formation of phosgene. An acid scrubber is necessary to
remove the halo acids produced. Because of potential
ozone decomposition in the stratosphere, R-12 should be
released to the atmosphere only as a last resort.
Consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices. Generators of waste
containing this contaminant (≥100 kg/mo) must conform
with EPA regulations governing storage, transportation,
treatment, and waste disposal | | Regulatory Status | Included in the FDA Inactive Ingredients Database (aerosol
formulations for inhalation, nasal, oral, and topical applications).
With few exceptions for existing MDIs, the FDA and EPA have
banned the use of CFCs in the USA after 31st December 2008, with
all CFCs to be phased out by 2010–2015. Included in nonparenteral
medicines licensed in the UK. |
| | Dichlorodifluoromethane Preparation Products And Raw materials |
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